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1、翻譯理論與實(shí)踐教案(第一學(xué)期 側(cè)重英譯漢) 項(xiàng)目內(nèi)容課時翻譯概論、學(xué)習(xí)方法、譯者要求及參考書目定義、標(biāo)準(zhǔn) (參見孫致禮2004:314;張培基2004:7-17)從體驗(yàn)認(rèn)知的角度闡明篇章存在于文化交際模式之中,深深地刻劃著文化的烙印,不同文化的篇章呈現(xiàn)不同的交際模式。翻譯發(fā)生在不同交際模式之間的轉(zhuǎn)化之中。4翻譯的過程理解、表達(dá)、審校(參見孫致禮2004:15-32;張培基2004:9-15)2翻譯的方法直譯意譯、歸化洋化(參見孫致禮2004:33-47)語言是不同文化概念結(jié)構(gòu)的承載形式之一,以語義結(jié)構(gòu)形式來表達(dá),不同語言代表不同的文化交際模式和概念結(jié)構(gòu)方法。翻譯并非機(jī)械對應(yīng)生成,而是在解讀原語
2、篇章時找出它的交際模式和這個模式在該篇中要表達(dá)的實(shí)時交際內(nèi)容即意義,再將其轉(zhuǎn)化成譯語的交際模式(歸化、洋化或兼而有之),以譯語的語義結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá)出來。翻譯是譯者的操控行為。4英漢語言對比(形合與意合)英漢互譯是形合語義結(jié)構(gòu)和意合語義結(jié)構(gòu)的相互轉(zhuǎn)換。英譯漢的突顯轉(zhuǎn)換模式是“解構(gòu)”,漢譯英的突顯轉(zhuǎn)化模式是“結(jié)構(gòu)”,主要體現(xiàn)在譯語交際模式的語義結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá)上。(參見孫致禮2004:67-80,陸國強(qiáng)1999)6翻譯練習(xí)練習(xí)評析2語境與詞義選擇(參見張培基2004:36-108;陳宏薇.2004:69-119)8翻譯練習(xí)練習(xí)評析2意象圖式的轉(zhuǎn)換(搭配、習(xí)語翻譯)(參見張培基2004:160-169)教學(xué)中在各
3、個知識模塊上培養(yǎng)學(xué)生強(qiáng)烈的語義結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換意識,讓他們自覺意識到自己在做翻譯練習(xí)時如果沒有使用結(jié)構(gòu)或解構(gòu)方法來轉(zhuǎn)換,就意味著自己沒有操控翻譯過程,因而沒有實(shí)施自主翻譯。如把“rolling stone gathers no moss”翻成漢語時可能有三種翻譯:1)滾石不生苔;2)專業(yè)不生財;3)流水不朽,戶樞不蠹。如果他對這三種譯文不能分辨哪種是他的譯文中該取的,就意味著他對不同文化之間意象圖式的轉(zhuǎn)換沒有自覺意識,而只是機(jī)械運(yùn)作。8翻譯練習(xí)練習(xí)評析2意群轉(zhuǎn)換與長句的翻譯(參見張培基2004:149-159;孫致禮2004:48-66)結(jié)構(gòu)與解構(gòu)(上)8翻譯練習(xí)練習(xí)評析2語篇分析(銜接與連貫)(參見
4、陳宏薇.2004:54-56)8翻譯練習(xí)練習(xí)評析2克服翻譯癥 (參見孫致禮2004:95-103)4翻譯練習(xí)練習(xí)評析 2翻譯理論與實(shí)踐教案(第二學(xué)期 側(cè)重漢譯英)項(xiàng)目內(nèi)容課時翻譯的常用技巧(一)語義結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換 (參見陸國強(qiáng)1999)4翻譯練習(xí)練習(xí)評析2翻譯的常用技巧(二)增補(bǔ)與省略(參見孫致禮2004:81-94;張培基2004:36-104)4翻譯練習(xí)練習(xí)評析 2翻譯的常用技巧(三)正譯與反譯(參見孫致禮2004:81-94;張培基2004:36-104)4翻譯練習(xí) 練習(xí)評析2翻譯的常用技巧(四)概念結(jié)構(gòu)在不同語言中的表達(dá)(抽象與具體)(參見孫致禮2004:81-91;張培基2004:36-1
5、04)4翻譯練習(xí)練習(xí)評析2翻譯的常用技巧(五)解構(gòu)與結(jié)構(gòu)(分句與合句)(參見孫致禮2004:81-94;張培基2004:149-159) 4翻譯練習(xí) 練習(xí)評析2語類與翻譯(一)廣告文本翻譯 (參見陳宏薇2004:215-224)4翻譯練習(xí)練習(xí)評析2語類與翻譯(二)科技文本翻譯 (參見孫致禮2004:108-112;陳宏薇2004:242-258) 4翻譯練習(xí)練習(xí)評析2語類與翻譯(三)新聞文本翻譯 (參見孫致禮 2004.: 113-115;陳宏薇2004:225-238)4翻譯練習(xí)練習(xí)評析2語類與翻譯(四)文學(xué)文本翻譯(參見孫致禮 2004:116-120)4翻譯練習(xí)練習(xí)評析2 語類與翻譯(五
6、)法律文本翻譯 4翻譯練習(xí)練習(xí)評析2翻譯的文化意識文本外影響翻譯的因素(參見孫致禮 2004:121-131)4 翻譯常用技巧(5) 結(jié)構(gòu)與解構(gòu)(下) 我們前面提到過,英漢兩種語言有著不同的表現(xiàn)形式。英語是形合的語言,而漢語是意合的語言。英語的形合表現(xiàn)為性、數(shù)、格、時態(tài)、語態(tài)、標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號和嚴(yán)緊的樹型句子結(jié)構(gòu)及其各種句內(nèi)的鑲嵌成分。而漢語則如行云流水,句型比較松散。有人說漢語句子就象一串燈籠,你把它們圍成什么形狀都是亮的。古時,漢語甚至連標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號也沒有。因此,在這種有著明顯差異的兩種語言間進(jìn)行篇章語意轉(zhuǎn)換,不掌握某些規(guī)律是很難做到的。這就是我們這個章節(jié)要講的內(nèi)容:漢譯英的“結(jié)構(gòu)”突顯特征。試以譯例
7、加以說明。原文和譯文均來自英語世界2003/9。原文是李大釗先生的名篇今,譯文是張培基先生的作品。 今 李大釗1)我以為世間最可寶貴的就是“今”,最易喪失的也是“今”。因?yàn)樗钜讍适В愿X得他可以寶貴。The Living PresentOf all things in the world, I think, the present is the most precious, and also the most apt to slip through our fingers. We, therefore, treasure it all the more because of its tr
8、ansience.解析:第一句的翻譯,句子結(jié)構(gòu)就被打亂,“我認(rèn)為”被翻成鑲嵌成分I think,狀語被提前由介詞結(jié)構(gòu)組成,the most apt to短語來翻“最易”,slip through our fingers將“喪失”具體化,是抽象向具體引伸的做法。第二句的譯文將因果關(guān)系顛倒,therefore構(gòu)成插入成分,突顯英語結(jié)構(gòu)形式。用all the more 短語表示“更”。 2)為甚么“今”最可寶貴呢?最好借哲人耶曼孫所說的話答這個疑問:“爾若愛千古,爾當(dāng)愛現(xiàn)在。昨日不能喚回來,明天還不確實(shí), 爾能確有把握的就是今日。今日一天,當(dāng)明日兩天?!盬hy is the present so p
9、recious? The following quotation from philosopher Emerson best serves for an answer: “Make use of time if you love eternity; yesterday cannot be recalled; tomorrow cannot be assured; only today is yours. One today is worth two tomorrows.”解析:該段落牽涉到翻譯中的一個特別現(xiàn)象:回譯?;刈g是指原文中被引用部分原本來自譯語,翻譯只是找回原來的說法,此時,譯者切不可
10、字作主張將之改譯?!盃柸魫矍Ч?,爾當(dāng)愛現(xiàn)在。昨日不能喚回來,明天還不確實(shí), 爾能確有把握的就是今日。今日一天,當(dāng)明日兩天?!?才是“Make use of time if you love eternity; yesterday cannot be recalled; tomorrow cannot be assured; only today is yours. One today is worth two tomorrows.” 的譯文。所以“借 的話答這個疑問”用了The following quotation 來翻譯, 最好被翻譯成best serves for連動語義結(jié)構(gòu)形式以突顯結(jié)
11、構(gòu)。3)為甚么“今”最易喪失呢?因?yàn)橛钪娲蠡炭塘鬓D(zhuǎn),絕不停留。時間這個東西,也不因?yàn)槲崛速F他愛他稍稍在人間留戀。試問吾人說“今”說“現(xiàn)在”,茫茫百千萬劫,究竟哪一剎那是吾人的“今”,是吾人的“現(xiàn)在”呢?剛剛說他是“今”是“現(xiàn)在”,他早已風(fēng)馳電掣的一般,已成“過去”了。吾人若要糊糊涂涂把他丟掉豈不可惜?Why is the present so easily lost? Because the universe as well as human life is changing non-stop all the time. Time never tarries with us a bit lo
12、nger because we treasure and love it. It is hard to tell which moment in the ups and downs of life is our present or now? what we call our present or now at one moment will at the next be quickly gone and become the past. Isnt it a pity to unthinkingly idle away the present?解析:這段文字的翻譯牽涉對漢語本身的理解問題。宇宙
13、大化、百千萬劫等詞語皆為佛教用語。這說明,翻譯不只是文字間的轉(zhuǎn)換,它需要廣闊的知識結(jié)構(gòu);另一方面,它告訴我們,每個時代的人說話皆自己時代的氣息,譯者要善于跟蹤語言的時效特征,以便正確理解原文。宇宙大化指的是世界上的萬事萬物,其中自然包括人,所以被翻譯成the universe as well as human life,用as well as 將自然世界和人類世界連接在一起??炭塘鬓D(zhuǎn),絕不停留 是復(fù)說,表示強(qiáng)調(diào),強(qiáng)調(diào)的點(diǎn)是靜態(tài)的:停止,而英文著眼點(diǎn)在“變”,所以英語翻譯成is changing non-stop all the time, 用non-stop 替換疊詞來表示結(jié)構(gòu)特征。用neve
14、r tarries with 短語翻譯稍稍留戀。百千萬劫 指的是滄海桑田的變化,人世間起伏輪回,翻譯成the ups and downs of life。用be quickly gone 翻譯風(fēng)馳電掣 既簡潔明了,又顯現(xiàn)結(jié)構(gòu)特征。用unthinkingly 翻譯糊糊涂涂 是同樣的道理。這也表明許多漢語的四字結(jié)構(gòu)都是用英語一個單詞來表示的。用idle away 表示虛度光陰,貼切自然。 4)有的哲學(xué)家說, 時間但有“過去”與“未來”,并無“現(xiàn)在”。有的又說,“過去”“未來”皆是“現(xiàn)在”。我以為“過去未來皆是現(xiàn)在”的話倒有些道理。因?yàn)椤艾F(xiàn)在”就是所有“過去”流入的世界,換句話說,所有“過去”都埋沒
15、于“現(xiàn)在”的里邊。故一時代的思潮,不是單純在這個時代所能憑空成立的,不曉得有幾多“過去”時代的思潮,差不多可以說是由所有“過去”時代的思潮,一湊合而成的。 Some philosophers say that we have the past and the future, but not present. Others say that the present is inclusive of the past and the future. I, however, incline towards the latter view because the present is where all
16、 the past empties itself or, in other words, where lies hidden the entire legacy of the past. The prevailing thought of any age does not come into being all by itself. It is the synthesis of the popular thoughts of numerous previous ages or probably of all the past. 解析:這段翻譯中,Some Others 構(gòu)成句與句之間的銜接關(guān)系
17、,體現(xiàn)結(jié)構(gòu)性。用is inclusive of 表示包含。用the latter view 替代“過去未來皆是現(xiàn)在” 充分體現(xiàn)英語的中的回指關(guān)系,是篇章銜接的典型特征。I, however, incline towards the latter view because 用 however 插入,體現(xiàn)結(jié)構(gòu),短語incline towards 表示我以為話倒有些道理。用because 所引導(dǎo)的成分將相鄰兩句整合起來,用兩個where 引導(dǎo)的表語從句將漢語中的兩個小句變成鑲嵌成分結(jié)構(gòu)到一個復(fù)合句中。用the entire legacy of the past. 將“過去” 具體化,說明過去不只是時
18、間概念,而是過去文化的傳承。這再次說明翻譯不僅僅是文字的轉(zhuǎn)換,他是譯者強(qiáng)有力的操控,是帶著某種認(rèn)知解讀后的理解,和這種理解的再現(xiàn)。埋沒 并非是丟棄,而是冰山的水下隱藏部分, 是支撐,所以被翻譯為lies hidden 以構(gòu)成句內(nèi)的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。這樣,我以為“過去未來皆是現(xiàn)在”的話倒有些道理。因?yàn)椤艾F(xiàn)在”就是所有“過去”流入的世界,換句話說,所有“過去”都埋沒于“現(xiàn)在”的里邊。 兩個句子就被結(jié)構(gòu)成一個復(fù)合英語句I, however, incline towards the latter view because the present is where all the past empties it
19、self or, in other words, where lies hidden the entire legacy of the past. 最后一句,漢語是一個句子,但被翻譯成兩個英語句子, 只說明,漢譯英,雖然結(jié)構(gòu)是突顯現(xiàn)象,解構(gòu)的方式也是使用的。其原因就在于同樣的概念結(jié)構(gòu),不同的語言用不同的語義結(jié)構(gòu)來表達(dá),換句話說,不同語言所代表的文化其語義結(jié)構(gòu)甚至概念結(jié)構(gòu)的方式是各不相同的。這正是譯者要調(diào)和的地方。我們知道,每個時代都存在不同的思潮。但當(dāng)我們說某個時代的思潮時指的是這個時代的主流思潮,所以故一時代的思潮 被翻譯成The prevailing thought of any age
20、,It 回指The prevailing thought 構(gòu)成銜接,一湊合而成的 被提前翻譯,打破了原語語序,構(gòu)成英語結(jié)構(gòu)句。用come into being all by itself. 翻譯憑空成立 是結(jié)構(gòu)對結(jié)構(gòu)的翻譯,是翻譯方法積累的主要內(nèi)容。 5)吾人投一石子于時代潮流里面,所激起的波瀾聲響,都向永遠(yuǎn)流動傳播,不能消滅。屈原的離騷,永遠(yuǎn)使人人感泣。打擊林肯頭顱的槍聲,呼應(yīng)于永遠(yuǎn)的時間與空間。一時代的變動,絕不消失,仍遺留于次一時代,這樣傳演,至于無窮,在世界中有一貫相聯(lián)的永遠(yuǎn)性。 The rippling sound stirred up by a pebble thrown into
21、 the current of the times will keep spreading forever. Li Sao, authored by Qu Yuan, will continue to touch a deep chord in the heart of every reader through all ages. The lethal shot that hit Abraham Lincolns head will keep echoing through all lands and all eternity. The changes of each age, instead
22、 of becoming extinct, will pass on to the next. The process will go on endlessly to form an eternal link in the world. 解析:這部分翻譯中,上來主語就被替換了。波瀾聲響The rippling sound 變成了主語,因?yàn)橛肋h(yuǎn)流動傳播spreading forever 的是它,符合英語的結(jié)構(gòu)特征,兩個過去分詞短語stirred up by、thrown into 將漢語中的相關(guān)成分結(jié)構(gòu)到一個英語復(fù)合句里。Li Sao 為不翻之翻,尊從“名從俗”的道理。will continue
23、 to touch a deep chord in the heart of every reader through all ages 仍然是用由抽象到具體的翻譯方法來翻永遠(yuǎn)使人人感泣。用扣動心弦來替代感泣,可被視為換喻,或歸化翻譯。也許這樣翻譯更象英文。打擊林肯頭顱的槍聲 “的”字結(jié)構(gòu)成分被轉(zhuǎn)化為從句The lethal shot that hit Abraham Lincolns head 構(gòu)成主語從句和will keep echoing through all lands and all eternity 一起構(gòu)成新的復(fù)合句,永遠(yuǎn)的時間與空間 翻譯為all lands and all
24、eternity,lands 讓空間更具象化,空間并非空蕩無物的空間,而是人們的家園。shot 和will keep echoing 構(gòu)成合理的邏輯主謂關(guān)系。instead of becoming extinct 不只是插入,更體現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系,彰顯英語的結(jié)構(gòu)特征。由于意群的劃分方式不同,當(dāng)然,這和譯者的主觀選擇也有關(guān)系,原文中的一個句子被拆分為兩個英語句子。 6)昨日的事件,與今日的事件,合構(gòu)成數(shù)個復(fù)雜事件。此數(shù)個復(fù)雜事件,與明日的整個復(fù)雜事件,更合構(gòu)成數(shù)個復(fù)雜事件。勢力結(jié)合勢力,問題牽起問題。無限的“過去”,都以“現(xiàn)在”為歸宿。無限的“未來”,都以“現(xiàn)在”為淵源。“過去”“未來”的中間全仗有“
25、現(xiàn)在”以成其連續(xù),以成其永遠(yuǎn),以成其無始無終的大實(shí)在。一掣現(xiàn)在的鈴,無限的過去未來皆遙相呼應(yīng)。這就是過去未來皆是現(xiàn)在的道理,這就是“今”最可寶貴的道理。 The events of yesterday and today will combine to form several complicated events which will in turn combine with those of tomorrow to form several new complicated events. Thus one influence combines with another; one probl
26、em gives rise to another. The infinite future results from the present. It is the present that serves as a connecting link between the past and the future to bring about continuity, eternity and a boundless big whole. Ring the bell of the present, and you will hear the distant echoes of the infinite
27、 past and future. That accounts for the fact that the present is inclusive of the past and the future and that the living present is the mist precious.解析:昨日的事件,與今日的事件,合構(gòu)成數(shù)個復(fù)雜事件。此數(shù)個復(fù)雜事件,與明日的整個復(fù)雜事件,更合構(gòu)成數(shù)個復(fù)雜事件。 這兩個句字被定語從句鑲嵌入一個復(fù)合句里The events of yesterday and today will combine to form several complicate
28、d events which will in turn combine with those of tomorrow to form several new complicated events 因?yàn)闈h語里此數(shù)個復(fù)雜事件 構(gòu)成了回指。這就象英譯漢時我們說過的那樣,英語中從句可被翻譯另一個獨(dú)立的句子,用引導(dǎo)詞重復(fù)先行詞做主語,可以表示條件、讓步、因果和假設(shè)等,那么反過來,句與句之間有連動關(guān)系的也就可以被結(jié)構(gòu)在一起,組成英語的結(jié)構(gòu)句?!斑^去”“未來”的中間全仗有“現(xiàn)在”以成其連續(xù),以成其永遠(yuǎn),以成其無始無終的大實(shí)在。 英語譯文用形式主語句構(gòu)成結(jié)構(gòu)形式It is the present that s
29、erves as a connecting link between the past and the future to bring about continuity, eternity and a boundless big whole。用that 引導(dǎo)的從句將以成其連續(xù),以成其永遠(yuǎn)鑲嵌其中,大實(shí)在 就是“整體”。一掣現(xiàn)在的鈴,無限的過去未來皆遙相呼應(yīng)。這就是過去未來皆是現(xiàn)在的道理,這就是“今”最可寶貴的道理。 Ring the bell of the present, and you will hear the distant echoes of the infinite past an
30、d future. That accounts for the fact that the present is inclusive of the past and the future and that the living present is the most precious 這兩句的翻譯中,雖然句逗沒什么改變,但第一句中加入了人稱代詞,使之更英語化。第二句雖然漢語句子較短,譯文還是加入了賓語從句,并用短語is inclusive of 將過去和未來銜接在一起。 7)現(xiàn)時有兩種不知愛“今”的人:一種是厭“今”的人,一種是樂“今”的人。厭“今”的人也有兩派。一派是對于“現(xiàn)在”一切現(xiàn)象都不
31、滿足,因起一種回顧“過去”的感想。他們覺得“今”的總是不好,古的都是好。政治、法律、道德、風(fēng)俗,全是“今”不如古。此派人唯一的希望在復(fù)古。他們的心力全施于復(fù)古的運(yùn)動。Nowadays two kinds of people dont know how to care for the present. One kind are sick of the present; the other are crazy about it.Among those who are sick of the present, some are dissatisfied with everything of toda
32、y that they become nostalgic about yesterday. To them, things nowadays, including politics, laws, morality and social customs, are all inferior to those in the past. They place their only hope on turning the clock back to days of old. They throw themselves heart and soul into the back-to-the-ancient
33、s campaign. 解析:厭“今”的人也有兩派。一派是對于“現(xiàn)在”一切現(xiàn)象都不滿足,因起一種回顧“過去”的感想。 這兩個句子在英語里被總分法結(jié)構(gòu)成一個句子,并用定語從句加以鑲嵌Among those who are sick of the present, some are dissatisfied with everything of today that they become nostalgic about yesterday。Among 和some 構(gòu)成總分關(guān)系,第二個定語從句將進(jìn)一步的解釋因起一種回顧“過去”的感想 鑲嵌入前句中構(gòu)成結(jié)構(gòu)關(guān)系。他們覺得“今”的總是不好,古的都是好。
34、政治、法律、道德、風(fēng)俗,全是“今”不如古。To them, things nowadays, including politics, laws, morality and social customs, are all inferior to those in the past. including 構(gòu)成的分詞短語把前后句連接在一起,取消了后一句的語法獨(dú)立性,使之成為鑲嵌成分,things are all inferior to those in the past 為主體構(gòu)成了獨(dú)立復(fù)合句。此派人唯一的希望在復(fù)古。他們的心力全施于復(fù)古的運(yùn)動。They place their only hope
35、on turning the clock back to days of old. They throw themselves heart and soul into the back-to-the-ancients campaign. 此兩句雖句逗未變,但英語中大量使用短語,并將抽象現(xiàn)象具體化。如:place their only hope on,turning the clock back,heart and soul,back-to-the-ancients campaign。復(fù)古 也被翻譯成兩種表達(dá):days of old,back-to-the-ancients 。 8)一派是對于“
36、現(xiàn)在”一切現(xiàn)象都不滿足,與復(fù)古的厭“今”派全同。但是他們不想“過去”,但盼“將來”。盼“將來”的結(jié)果,往往流于夢想,把許多“現(xiàn)在”可以努力的事業(yè)都放棄不做,單是耽溺于虛無飄渺的空玄境界。這兩派人都是不能助益進(jìn)化,并且很足阻滯進(jìn)化的。Some, though also dissatisfied with everything of today like those mentioned above, long for the future instead of the past, so much as that they abandon themselves to dreams and fanta
37、sies and even give up many things that can be achieved right now through their own efforts. People of these two categories hinder social progress instead of furthering it. 解析:一派是對于“現(xiàn)在”一切現(xiàn)象都不滿足,與復(fù)古的厭“今”派全同。但是他們不想“過去”,但盼“將來”。盼“將來”的結(jié)果,往往流于夢想,把許多“現(xiàn)在”可以努力的事業(yè)都放棄不做,單是耽溺于虛無飄渺的空玄境界。這兩個長句,翻譯成英語被結(jié)構(gòu)在了一起。從漢語語篇角度
38、看,他們是另一派,和上文構(gòu)成銜接。英語譯文也是采用上文的總分法,由among 中分裂出some, some, though also dissatisfied with everything of today like those mentioned above 構(gòu)成的轉(zhuǎn)折,將與復(fù)古的厭“今”派全同 變成了鑲嵌成分;so much as that 將盼“將來”的結(jié)果,往往流于夢想 變成鑲嵌成分;many things that can be achieved right now through their own efforts,that 引導(dǎo)的定語從句把把許多“現(xiàn)在”可以努力的事業(yè)都放棄不做
39、 變成了鑲嵌成分,這樣,兩個比較長的漢語句子就整合為一個英語復(fù)合句了Some, though also dissatisfied with everything of today like those mentioned above, long for the future instead of the past, so much as that they abandon themselves to dreams and fantasies and even give up many things that can be achieved right now through their own
40、 efforts。而instead of短語將最后兩小句結(jié)構(gòu)在一起People of these two categories hinder social progress instead of furthering it.。 9)樂“今”的人大概是些無志趣無意識的人,是些對于“現(xiàn)在”一切滿足的人。覺得所處境遇可以安樂優(yōu)游,不必再商進(jìn)取,再為創(chuàng)造。這種人喪失“今”的好處,阻滯進(jìn)化的潮流,同厭“今”派毫無區(qū)別。 People who are crazy about the present are generally apathetic and lack high aspirations. The
41、y see nothing wrong in the present. Complacent about their present circumstances, they feel no need for progress or creation. Such people abuse the present and stem the tide of progress. There is no difference at all between them and those who are sick of the present. 解析:樂“今”的人大概是些無志趣無意識的人,是些對于“現(xiàn)在”一
42、切滿足的人。People who are crazy about the present are generally apathetic and lack high aspirations. 樂“今”的人 四個字同樣被翻譯為定語從句,關(guān)鍵是為了體現(xiàn)英語的結(jié)構(gòu)性。Complacent about their present circumstances, they feel no need for progress or creation. about 構(gòu)成的結(jié)構(gòu)短語化解了無主句覺得所處境遇可以安樂優(yōu)游 在英語中的句子獨(dú)立性,使之成為鑲嵌成分,讓不必再商進(jìn)取,再為創(chuàng)造 成為獨(dú)立主句。最后一句這種人
43、喪失“今”的好處,阻滯進(jìn)化的潮流,同厭“今”派毫無區(qū)別。被拆分為兩個獨(dú)立的英語句子Such people abuse the present and stem the tide of progress. There is no difference at all between them and those who are sick of the present。 由此可見, 翻譯中結(jié)構(gòu)與解構(gòu)都是相對而言的,只是由漢語翻譯成英語時,結(jié)構(gòu)的成分比較突出而已。 10)原來厭“今”為人類的通性。大凡一境尚未實(shí)現(xiàn)以前,覺得此境有無限的佳趣,有無疆的福利;一旦身陷其境,卻覺不過爾爾,隨即起一種失望的念,
44、厭“今”的心。又如吾人方處一境,覺得無甚可樂;而一旦其境變異,卻又覺得其境可戀,其情可思。 It is common among human beings to be discontented with the present. They usually dream of something that has not yet come into being with fantasies about its being extremely agreeable and beneficial. But, once that something has become a reality, they c
45、all it just so-so and then fall into despair and grow weary of the present. Or they may feel a new environment rather unimpressive, but once things have changed, they begin to think well of it and recall it with tenderness. 解析:原來厭“今”為人類的通性為單句,但還是被翻譯成復(fù)合句以顯英文的機(jī)構(gòu)特征It is common among human beings to be
46、discontented with the present. 譯文用It 做形式主語替代to be discontented with the present。大凡一境尚未實(shí)現(xiàn)以前,覺得此境有無限的佳趣,有無疆的福利They usually dream of something that has not yet come into being with fantasies about its being extremely agreeable and beneficial. 譯者用定語從句和dream of,with 將兩個小句轉(zhuǎn)變成一個復(fù)合句。用once that something has
47、 become a reality 將一旦身陷其境 變成插入成分,用grow weary of the present 短語翻譯厭“今”的心。又如吾人方處一境,覺得無甚可樂;而一旦其境變異,卻又覺得其境可戀,其情可思。Or they may feel a new environment rather unimpressive, but once things have changed, they begin to think well of it and recall it with tenderness. 用短語對短語來翻譯。 11)前者為企望“將來”的動機(jī);后者為反顧“過去”的動機(jī)。但是回
48、想“過去”,毫無效用,且空耗努力的時間。若以企望“將來”的動機(jī),而盡“現(xiàn)在”的努力,則厭“今”思想?yún)s大足為進(jìn)化的原動。樂“今”是一種惰性,須再進(jìn)一步,了解“今”所以可愛的道理,全在憑他可以為創(chuàng)造“將來”的努力,決不在得他可以安樂無為。 The former case has to do with future expectations, and the latter with past memories. However, given a combination of the two cases, dissatisfaction with the present will become a g
49、reat moving force of social development. Being contented with things as they are is a kind of inertia. We need to understand that the present is precious not because it can allow us to idle about in the midst of comfort and pleasure, but because it offers us an opportunity to strive to create the fu
50、ture.解析:The former,the latter 構(gòu)成譯文中的銜接。但是回想“過去”,毫無效用,且空耗努力的時間。若以企望“將來”的動機(jī),而盡“現(xiàn)在”的努力,則厭“今”思想?yún)s大足為進(jìn)化的原動。However, given a combination of the two cases, dissatisfaction with the present will become a great moving force of social development. 這兩句的翻譯,譯者采用明顯的內(nèi)在整合,將兩種厭“今”的人結(jié)合在一起,合并翻譯成given a combination of t
51、he two cases 并將盡“現(xiàn)在”的努力 糅合于“厭”字上將之翻譯為dissatisfaction with 做主語以構(gòu)成復(fù)合句的主句成分dissatisfaction with the present will become a great moving force of social development。樂“今”是一種惰性,須再進(jìn)一步,了解“今”所以可愛的道理,全在憑他可以為創(chuàng)造“將來”的努力,決不在得他可以安樂無為。 最后這句漢語句子被拆解了,樂“今”是一種惰性 被獨(dú)立出來,并被復(fù)合化Being contented with things as they are is a ki
52、nd of inertia,主語是Being contented with things as they are,as they are 構(gòu)成鑲嵌成分。須再進(jìn)一步,了解“今”所以可愛的道理,全在憑他可以為創(chuàng)造“將來”的努力,決不在得他可以安樂無為。We need to understand that the present is precious not because it can allow us to idle about in the midst of comfort and pleasure, but because it offers us an opportunity to st
53、rive to create the future. 余下部分在加入主語We后,由not because 和but because 所引導(dǎo)的結(jié)構(gòu)將它們結(jié)構(gòu)在一起,一道并入由that構(gòu)成的賓語從句之后做狀語,而使剩余部分的漢語句子成為獨(dú)立的英語復(fù)合句。 12)熱心復(fù)古的人,開口閉口都是說“現(xiàn)在”的境象若何黑暗,若何卑污,罪惡若何深重,禍患若何劇烈。要曉得“現(xiàn)在”的境象倘若真是這樣黑暗,這樣卑污,罪惡這樣深重,禍患這樣劇烈,也都是“過去”所遺留的宿孽,斷斷不是“現(xiàn)在”造的。全歸咎于“現(xiàn)在”,是斷斷不能受的。要想改變他,但當(dāng)努力以創(chuàng)造將來,不當(dāng)努力以回復(fù)“過去”。 Those keen on ret
54、urning to the past keep telling us how dark and vile the status quo is and what serious wickedness and heavy misfortune it brings. They should understand, however, that what they speak of, if true, is a long-standing inheritance from the past, definitely not a product of today. It is utterly wrong t
55、o attribute it all to the present. The only way to change the status quo is to strive to create the future, not to attempt to revive the past.解析:熱心復(fù)古的人,開口閉口都是說“現(xiàn)在”的境象若何黑暗,若何卑污,罪惡若何深重,禍患若何劇烈。Those keen on returning to the past keep telling us how dark and vile the status quo is and what serious wicke
56、dness and heavy misfortune it brings. 此句中,熱心復(fù)古的人 被翻譯成形容詞短語結(jié)構(gòu)形成修飾成分,將說后的內(nèi)容變成keep telling賓語從句,由how和what來引導(dǎo)。要曉得“現(xiàn)在”的境象倘若真是這樣黑暗,這樣卑污,罪惡這樣深重,禍患這樣劇烈,也都是“過去”所遺留的宿孽,斷斷不是“現(xiàn)在”造的。They should understand, however, that what they speak of, if true, is a long-standing inheritance from the past, definitely not a product of today. 用插入成分表示結(jié)構(gòu)特征和轉(zhuǎn)折,正確使用標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號。宿孽 依然是指過去的傳統(tǒng),因此a long-standing inheritance fro
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