初高中英語知識點銜接

1、初高中英語銜接專題一：名詞考點集匯，講解和訓練一、名詞的數(shù) 1單數(shù)和復數(shù) 可數(shù)名詞有單數(shù)和復數(shù)兩種形式。復數(shù)形式通常是在單數(shù)形式后加詞尾“-s”構(gòu)成，其主要變法如下：（1）一般情況在詞尾加-s，例如：bookbooks，girlgirls，boyboys，penpens,doctordoctors, boyboys。（2）以s，x，ch，sh，結(jié)尾的詞加-es，例如：busbuses，classclassesboxboxes，watchwatches，brushbrushes。 （3）以ce, se, ze,（d）ge結(jié)尾的名詞加s，例如：orangeoranges。（4）以輔音母加y結(jié)尾的詞

2、變“y”為“i”再加-es,例如：citycities, factoryfactories, countrycountries, familyfamilies。但要注意的是以元音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞的復數(shù)形式只加s，如：boyboys, daydays。（5）以o結(jié)尾的詞多數(shù)都加-es。例如:heroheroes，potatopotatoes，tomatotomatoes,但詞末為兩個元音字母的詞只加-s。例如：zoozoos，radioradios，還有某些外來詞也只加-s，例如：photophotos，pianopianos。（6） 以f或fe結(jié)尾的詞，多數(shù)變f為v再加-es，例如：knif

3、eknives，leafleaves, halfhalves。復數(shù)詞尾s（或es）的讀音方法如下表所示。復數(shù)詞尾s（或es）的讀音方法情況 讀法 例詞 在ptkf等清輔音后 s cups, hats, cakes 在sztd3F等音后 iz glasses, pages, oranges, buses, watches,faces 在bdgv等濁輔音后 z beds, dogs, cities, knives （7）少數(shù)名詞有不規(guī)則的復數(shù)形式，例如：manmen，womanwomen，toothteeth，footfeet，childchildren，mousemice?！咀⒁狻颗cman和wo

4、man構(gòu)成的合成詞，其復數(shù)形式也是-men和-women。例如：an Englishman，two Englishmen。但German不是合成詞，故復數(shù)形式為 Germans；man, woman等作定語時，它的單復數(shù)以其所修飾的名詞的單復數(shù)而定，如：menworkers， women teachers。有個別名詞單復數(shù)一樣，例如：Chinese，Japanese，sheep，deer，fish等。但當fish表示不同種類的魚時，可以加復數(shù)詞尾。（8）單數(shù)形式但其意為復數(shù)的名詞有：people, police等。（9）數(shù)詞+名詞作定語時，這個名詞一般保留單數(shù)形式，中間加連字符。例如 an 8

5、-year-old girl, a ten-mile walk。（10）還有些名詞僅有復數(shù)形式，如：trousers，clothes，chopsticks，glasses，goods，ashes，scissors，compasses。（11）只用作單數(shù)的復數(shù)形式的名詞有：科學名詞：physics, mathematics/maths游戲名稱：bowls專有名詞：the United States, Niagara Falls其他名詞：news, falls2不可數(shù)名詞“量”的表示方法在英語中，不可數(shù)名詞如果要表示“量的概念”，可以用以下兩種方法：（1）用much, a little, a lo

6、t of/lots of, some, any等表示多少，例如：The rich man has a lot of moneyThere is some milk in the bottleIs there any water in the glass？I don't like winter because there's too much snow and ice（2）用a piece of 這類定語，例如：a piece of paper a piece of wood a piece of bread a bottle of orange a glass of water

7、（milk） a cup of tea a cup of tea a bag of rice three bags of rice如果要表示“兩杯茶”、“四張紙”這類概念時，在容器后加復數(shù)，例如：two cups of teafour pieces of paperthree glasses of water不可數(shù)名詞也可用a lot of, lots of, some, any, much等來修飾。二、名詞的所有格 名詞所有格，用來表示人或物的所有，以及領(lǐng)屬關(guān)系。1. 表示有生命的名詞的所有格其單數(shù)形式是加 's,其復數(shù)形式是s'，例如：a student's roo

8、m, students' rooms, father's shoes。2. 如其結(jié)尾不是s的復數(shù)形式仍加 's，如：Children's Day。3. 在表示時間、距離、長度、重量、價格、世界、國家等名詞的所有格要用 's，例如：a twenty minutes' walk，ten miles' journey，a boat's length，two pounds' weight, ten dollars' worth。4. 無生命名詞的所有格則必須用of結(jié)構(gòu)，例如：a map of China，the end o

9、f this term，the capital of our country, the color of the flowers。5. 雙重所有格，例如：a friend of my father's。【注意】如果兩個名詞并列，并且分別有 's，則表示“分別有”，例如：John's and Mary's rooms（約翰和瑪麗各有一間，共兩間）；Tom's and Mary's bikes（兩人各自的自行車）。兩個名詞并列，只有一個's，則表示“共有”，例如：John and Mary's room（約翰和瑪麗共有一間）；Tom

10、and Mary's mother（即Tom與Mary是兄妹）。【演練】1- Where have you been, Tim? - Ive been to _.A. the Henry house      B. the Henry family C. The Henrys home    D. Henrys2In England, if _ is in the middle of the day, the evening meal is called supper.A. food  

11、 B. lunch   C. breakfast   D. dinner3You looked for it twice, but you havent found it. Why not try _ .A. three times   B. a third time   C. the third time   D. once4- They are thirsty. Will you please give them _ ? - Certainly.A. some bottles of wate

12、rs   B. some bottles of waterC. some bottle of water     D. some bottle of waters5Mike hurt one of his _ in the accident yesterday.A. tooth   B. feet   C. hand   D. ear6There is some _ on the plate.A. cakes   B. meat   C

13、. potato   D. pears7In England, the last name is the  _ .A. family name   B. middle   C. given name   D. full name8They are going to fly _ to Beijing.A. Germen   B. Germany   C. Germanys   D. Germans9The_ has two _ .A. boys;

14、watches   B. boy; watch   C. boy; watches   D. boys; watch10The little baby has two _ already.A. tooth   B. tooths   C. teeth   D. teeths11Whats your _ for being late again?A. idea   B. key   C. excuse   D. new

15、s12- Its dangerous here. Wed better go out quickly.- But I think we should let _ go out first.A. woman and children   B. women and childC. woman and child      D. women and children13- You can see Mr. Smith if there is a sign “_ ”on the door of his shop.- Thanks.A.

16、ENTRANCE       B.BUSINESS HOURS C.THIS SIDE UP   D.NO SMOKING14Are they going to have a picnic on _ ?A. Childrens Day    B. Childrenss Day C. Childrens Day     D. Children Day15Where are the students? Are they in _ ?A. t

17、he Room 406   B. Room 406   C. the 406 Room   D. 406 Room【練習答案】1.D 2.B 3.B 4.B 5.B  6.B 7.A 8.D 9.C 10.C 11.C 12.D 13.B 14.A 15.B 專題二：形容詞、副詞考點集匯，講解和訓練【名師點睛】1. 形容詞的用法 (1) 形容詞在句中作定語, 表語, 賓語補足語。 例如： Our country is a beautiful country. （作定語） The fish went bad

18、. （作表語）We keep our classroom clean and tidy. （作賓語補足語）(2) 形容詞修飾something, anything, nothing, everything等不定代詞時,形容詞放在名詞后面。 I have something important to tell you. Is there anything interesting in the film. (3) 用 and 或 or 連接起來的兩個形容詞作定語時一般把它們放在被修飾的名詞后面。起進一步解釋的作用。 Everybody, man and woman, old and young,

19、should attend the meeting. You can take any box away, big or small. (4) the形容詞表示一類人或物 The rich should help the poor.2. 副詞的用法(1) 副詞在句中可作狀語,表語和定語。 He studies very hard. （作狀語）Life here is full of joy. （作定語） When will you be back? （作表語） 副詞按其用途和含義可分為下面五類：1)時間副詞時間副詞通常用來表示動作的時間。常見的時間副詞有：now today, tomorrow

20、, yesterday, before, late, early, never, seldom, sometimes, often, usually, always等。例如：He often comes to school late.What are we going to do tomorrow?He is never been to Beijing.2)地點副詞地點副詞通常用來表示動作發(fā)生的地點。常見的地點副詞有：here, there, inside, outside, home, upstairs, downstairs, anywhere, everywhere, nowhere,

21、somewhere, down, up, off, on, in, out等。例如：I met an old friend of mine on my way home.He went upstairs.Put down your name here.3)方式副詞方式副詞一般都是回答“怎樣的？”這類問題的，其中絕大部分都是由一個形容詞加詞尾-ly構(gòu)成的, 有少數(shù)方式副詞不帶詞尾-ly, 它們與形容詞同形。常見的方式副詞有：anxiously, badly, bravely, calmly, carefully, proudly, rapidly, suddenly, successfully,

22、 angrily, happily, slowly, warmly, well, fast, slow, quick, hard, alone, high, straight, wide等。例如：The old man walked home slowly.Please listen to the teacher carefully.The birds are flying high.He runs very fast.4)程度副詞程度副詞多數(shù)用來修飾形容詞和副詞，有少數(shù)用來修飾動詞或介詞短語。常見的程度副詞有：much, (a) little, a bit, very, so, too, e

23、nough, quite, rather, pretty, greatly, completely, nearly, almost, deeply, hardly, partly等。例如：Her pronunciation is very good.She sings quite well.I can hardly agree with you.5)疑問副詞是用來引導特殊疑問句的副詞。常見的疑問副詞有：how, when, where, why等。例如：How are you getting along with your studies?Where were you yesterday?Wh

24、y did you do that?(2)副詞在句中的位置1)多數(shù)副詞作狀語時放在動詞之后。如果動詞帶有賓語，則放在賓語之后。例如：Mr Smith works very hard.She speaks English well.2)頻度副詞作狀語時，通常放在行為動詞之前，情態(tài)動詞，助動詞和be動詞之后。例如：He usually gets up early.Ive never heard him singing.She is seldom ill.3)程度副詞一般放在所修飾的形容詞和副詞的前面, 但enough作副詞用時，通常放在被修飾詞的后面。例如：It is a rather diffi

25、cult job.He runs very fast.He didnt work hard enough.4)副詞作定語時，一般放在被修飾的名詞之后。例如：On my way home, I met my uncle.The students there have a lot time to do their own research work.(3)部分常用副詞的用法1) very, much這兩個副詞都可表示“很”，但用法不同。Very用來修飾形容詞和副詞的原級，而much用來修飾形容詞和副詞的比較級。例如：She is a very nice girlIm feeling much be

26、tter now.Much可以修飾動詞，而very則不能。例如：I dont like the idea much.They did not talk much.2) too, either這兩個副詞都表示“也”，但too用于肯定句，either用于否定句。例如：She can dance, and I can dance, too.I havent read the book and my brother hasnt either.3) already, yetalready一般用于語肯定句，yet一般用于否定句。例如：He has already left.Have you heard f

27、rom him yet?He hasnt answered yet.4) so, neitherso和neither都可用于倒裝句， 但so表示肯定，neither表示否定。例如：My brother likes football and so do I.My brother doesnt like dancing and neither do I.3. 形容詞和副詞的比較級和最高級(1) 兩個人或事物的比較時（不一定每一方只有一個人或一個事物），用比較級。 Our teacher is taller than we are. The boys in her class are taller

28、than the boys in your class.(2) most 同形容詞連用而不用 the,表示 "極,很,非常, 十分"。 It's most dangerous to be here. 在這兒太危險。 (3)“The+形容詞比較級., the+形容詞比較級.”表示“越. 就越.”。 The more you study, the more you know. (4) “形容詞比較級 + and + 形容詞比較級”, 表示 “ 越來越.”。 It's getting hotter and hotter. (5) 主語+謂語(系動詞)+as+形容詞

29、原形+as+從句。表示兩者對比相同。 This box is as big as mine. (6) the + 形容詞，表示某種人。 He always helps the poor. (7) 形容詞和副詞最高級用于三個或三個以上的人和物進行比較。 Shanghai is one of the biggest cities in China.【演練】1There are many young trees on        sides of the road. A. every    

30、;        B. each             C. both             D. all2- Its so cold today. - Yes, its        than it was yesterday. A. more

31、 cold        B. more colder          C. much colder      D. cold3Little Tom has        friends, so he often plays alone.A. more         B. a

32、 little             C. many             D. few4She isnt so        at maths as you are. A. well         B. good  

33、60;          C. better               D. best5Peter writes        of the three. A. better      B. best       &#

34、160;         C. good             D. well6He is        enough to carry the heavy box. A. stronger         B. much stronger   C. str

35、ong          D. the strongest7I bought        exercise-books with        money. A. a few; a few                

36、;         B. a few; a little    C. a little; a few                          D. a little; a little8The box is    

37、60;   heavy for the girl        carry. A. too; to          B. to; too          C. so; that         D. no; to9The ice in the lake is abo

38、ut one meter       . Its strong enough to skate on. A. long         B. high             C. thick            D. wide10Wu Lin ran &#

39、160;      faster than the other boys in the sports meeting. A. so               B. much             C. very        

40、     D. too11. Jone looks so _ today because she has got an “A” in her maths test. A. happy B. happily C. angry D. angrily12. The smile on my fathers face showed that he was _ with me. A. sad B. pleased C. angry D. sorry13. -Mum, could you buy me a dress like this? -Certainly, we

41、 can buy _ one than this, but _ this. A. a better; better than B. a worse; as good as C. a cheaper; as good as D. a more important; good as14. -This digital camera is really cheap! -The _ the better. Im short of money, you see. A. cheap B. cheaper C. expensive D. more expensive15. If you want to lea

42、rn English well, you must use it as _ as possible. A. often B. long C. hard D. soon16. Paul has _ friends except me, and sometimes he feels lonely. A. many B. some C. few D. more17. English people _ use Mr. Before a mans first name. A. never B. usually C. often D. sometimes18. -One more satellite wa

43、s sent up into space in China in May. -Right. The government spoke _ that. A. highly for B. high of C. well of D. highly of19. -Remember this, children. _ careful you are, _ mistakes you will make. -We know, Miss Gao. A. The more; the more B. The fewer; the more C. The more; the fewer D. The less; t

44、he less20. I have _ to do today. A. anything important B. something important C. important nothing D. important something【練習答案】1.C 2.C 3.D 4.B 5.B 6.C 7.B 8.A 9.C 10.B 11.A 12.B 13.C 14.B 15.A 16.C 17.A 18.D 19.C 20.B專題三：動詞考點集匯，講解和訓練1.動詞的時態(tài)英語時態(tài)用共有十六種時態(tài)，其中常用的有8種，它們是：一般現(xiàn)在時、一般過去時、一般將來時、現(xiàn)在進行時、現(xiàn)在完成時

45、、過去進行時、過去完成時和過去將來時。（1）一般現(xiàn)在時的基本用法1) 經(jīng)常性或習慣性的動作，常與表示頻度的時間狀語連用。 時間狀語： every, sometimes,at, on Sunday I leave home for school at 7 every morning.2) 客觀真理，客觀存在，科學事實。 The earth moves around the sun. Shanghai lies in the east of China.3) 表示格言或警句中。 Pride goes before a fall.【注意】此用法如果出現(xiàn)在賓語從句中，即使主句是過去時，從句謂語也要用一

46、般現(xiàn)在時。例：Columbus proved that the earth is round.4) 現(xiàn)在時刻的狀態(tài)、能力、性格、個性。 I don't want so much.5) 某些動詞如 come, go, move, stop, leave, arrive, be, finish, continue, start 等，在一般現(xiàn)在時句中可用來表示將來肯定會發(fā)生的動作。 The train comes at 3 o'clock. 6) 在時間狀語從句或條件狀語從句中，一般現(xiàn)在時代替一般將來時。 I'll help you as soon as you have p

47、roblem. Tell Xiao Li about it if you meet him. （2）一般過去時的用法： 表示過去某一時刻或某一段時間內(nèi)所發(fā)生的動作或情況，通常一般過去式帶有表示動作時間狀語的詞，詞組或從句,如 yesterday, the day before last, last week, two days ago 等,上下文清楚時可以不帶時間狀語。 I worked in that factory last year. 【注意】1) 過去經(jīng)常反復發(fā)生的動作，也可用used to或would加動詞原形來表達，例如： I used to go fishing on Sunda

48、ys. 2) “used to”也可用于表示過去曾經(jīng)存在過的狀態(tài)。例如： This river used to be clean.（3）一般將來時的用法1）表示將來的動作或狀態(tài)。例如： I shall attend the meeting tomorrow. 2）表示將來反復發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。例如：He will go to see his mother every Saturdays. 3）表示將來的意愿，決心，許諾， 命令等時常用will，征求對方意見，主語是第一人稱時，常用shall。 I will do my best to catch up with them. Shall I

49、 open the door? 4）be + going + 動詞不定式。也是一種將來時句型，表示打算，計劃，最近或?qū)硪鞯哪呈隆?I am going to Beijing next week. 5）be + 動詞不定式。表示有職責，義務(wù)，可能，約定，意圖等。 There is to be a meeting this afternoon. We are to meet the guests at the station. 6）be about + 動詞不定式，表示馬上，很快作某事。 They are about to leave. （4）現(xiàn)在進行時的用法 1）現(xiàn)在進行時的用法表示說話者說

50、話時正在發(fā)生或者進行的動作， 它注重現(xiàn)在正在進行的動作，而不管動作從什么時間開始，到什么時間結(jié)束。 What are you doing now? I am looking for my key. 2）現(xiàn)在進行時表示目前一段時間內(nèi)正在進行的動作（但說話時這個動作不一定在進行）。 The students are preparing for the examination. 3）某些動詞的現(xiàn)在進行時可以表示即將發(fā)生的動作，這些動詞有 arrive, come, leave, start等。 They are going to Hong Kong tomorrow. 【注意】有些動詞一般不可以用于

51、進行時態(tài)表示狀態(tài)的動詞，尤其是靜態(tài)動詞，如：be, have表示認識、知覺和情感的動詞，如：know, think, hear, find, see, like, want, wish, prefer等。（5）現(xiàn)在完成時的用法 1) 現(xiàn)在完成時表示在說話之前已經(jīng)完成或剛完成的動作。 I have bought a ten-speed bicycle. They have cleaned the classroom. 2) 現(xiàn)在完成時表示動作從過去開始持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，或者還有可能持續(xù)下去的動作或狀態(tài)。 現(xiàn)在完成時常與for 和 since 引導的短語或從句連用。 We have lived here

52、 since 1976. They have waited for more than two hours. 【注意】一般過去時與現(xiàn)在完成時的區(qū)別 過去時表示過去某時發(fā)生的動作或單純敘述過去的事情，強調(diào)動作；現(xiàn)在完成時為過去發(fā)生的，強調(diào)過去的事情對現(xiàn)在的影響，強調(diào)的是影響；一般過去時常與具體的時間狀語連用。試比較：I saw this film yesterday.（強調(diào)看的動作發(fā)生過了，不涉及現(xiàn)在）I have seen this film. （強調(diào)對現(xiàn)在的影響，電影的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)知道了。）（6）過去進行時的用法 表示過去某時正在進行的狀態(tài)或動作。例如：I was watching TV whe

53、n she came to see me. 【注意】過去進行時和一般過去時都是過去發(fā)生的事情，但過去進行時側(cè)重表示過去某一時刻正在進行的動作或所處的狀態(tài)，強調(diào)動作的連續(xù)進行，而一般過去時則表示單純的過去事實，例如：They were building a house last month. （上個月正在建造，建造好與否不知）They built a new house last month. （上個月建造好了，動作已經(jīng)完成）（7）過去完成時的用法 過去完成時表示過去某一時刻或某一動作之前完成的動作或所處的狀態(tài)，過去完成時常和 by , before 等詞組成的短語和從句連用。 We had a

54、lready learned two thousand words by the end of last year. When we arrived at the station, they had waited for more than twenty minutes. （8）過去將來時的用法過去將來時表示從過去某個時間看將要發(fā)生的動作或存在地狀態(tài)，過去將來時較多地被運用在賓語從句中。例如：They were going to have a meeting.I told him that I would see him off at the station.2.動詞的語態(tài)語態(tài)有兩種：主動語態(tài)

55、和被動語態(tài)。主語是動作的發(fā)出者為主動語態(tài)；主語是動作的接受者為被動語態(tài)。（1）被動語態(tài)1) 被動語態(tài)最基本的句型結(jié)構(gòu)是： be +及物動詞過去分詞 2) 被動語態(tài)中的謂語動詞一定要是及物動詞因為被動句中的主語是動作的承受者，某些短語動詞如look after, think of, take care of, work out, laugh at等，也可用于被動語態(tài)。The children were taken good care of by her. 【注意】短語動詞中的介詞或副詞變成被動語態(tài)時不可遺漏。3) 主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)要加“to”的情況若賓語補足語是不帶to 的不定式，變?yōu)楸粍诱Z

56、態(tài)時，該不定式前要加“to”。此類動詞為感官動詞，如：feel, hear, help, listen to, look at, make, observe, see, notice, watch等。例如：The teacher made me go out of the classroom.I was made to go out of the classroom (by the teacher).4) 主動形式表示被動意義 如wash, clean, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell等動詞雖然用做主動形式卻表示被動的意

57、義。例如：The food tastes good.3.非謂語動詞對非謂語動詞的考點是：感官動詞后不定式作賓語補足語和動詞ing形式作賓語補足語的用法；一些特殊動詞的動詞不定式作賓語補足語時不帶to，但變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時就要帶to；有些動詞既可接不定式也可接動詞ing形式作賓語，但表達的意思不同。這些都是歷年中考的重點。（1）非謂語動詞的形式非謂語動詞指的是在句中起名詞，形容詞或副詞作用的動詞形式，而不是作謂語的動詞形式。 動詞的非謂語形式分為動名詞，分詞，動詞不定式。（2）不定式作賓語補足語Father will not allow us to play on the street.（3）不定式

58、作目的狀語He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.（4）用不定式和分詞作補足語都可以的動詞這樣的動詞有感官動詞如：see, hear, look, notice, observe, feel等，使役動詞如：have, make, leave, keep, get等。接不定式表示動作的完整性，真實性；+doing 表示動作的連續(xù)性，進行性。 I saw him work in the garden yesterday. 昨天我看見他在花園里干活了。(強調(diào)“我看見了”這個事實) I saw him working in the garden yesterd

59、ay.（強調(diào)“我見他正干活”這個動作）昨天我見他正在花園里干活。（5）用不帶to不定式的情況使役動詞如： let, have, make等和感官動詞如： see, watch, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作賓補，省略to。在被動語態(tài)中則to不能省掉。（6）接動名詞與不定式意義不同1) stop to do停止，中斷做某事后去做另一件事。 stop doing停止做某事。2) forget to do忘記要去做某事。 (未做) forget doing忘記做過某事。 (已做)3) remember to do 記得去做某事。 (未做) rememb

60、er doing記得做過某事。 (已做)4) try to do努力，企圖做某事。 try doing 試驗，試著做某事。5) go on to do做了一件事后，接著做另一件事。go on doing 繼續(xù)做原來做的事。 6) mean to do 打算、想mean doing意味著4. 容易混淆的常用動詞的辨析(1) say, speak, talk, tell的用法。1) say表示講話，作為及物動詞使用，后跟賓語或賓語從句。He said he would go there.It's time to leave. We have to say goodbye to you.2)

61、speak表示“講話”，一般作為不及物動詞使用，而有時作為及物動詞后面跟上各種語言作為賓語。Do you speak English?May I speak to Mr Pope, please?3) talk表示“談話”，是不及物動詞，與to , about, with等連用，才可賓語。What are you talking about?Mr Jackson is talking with my father in the office now.4) tell 表示“告訴，講述”是及物動詞，可以帶雙賓語或復合賓語。She told us an interesting story yeste

62、rday.My teacher told me that we would have an English exam the next month.(2) look, see, watch和watch的用法。1) look強調(diào)“看”這個動作，是不及物動詞，常與at連用，然后接賓語。Look! The girl is swimming in the lake.Look at the picture carefully. Can you find something unusual?2) see 指“看見”某物，強調(diào)的是結(jié)果。They can't see the words on the blackboard.Does Lily