高中英語全國閱讀理解專題講解ppt課件

1、閱讀理解(猜詞訓(xùn)練） 根據(jù)上下文正確猜出生詞詞義： 1. 根據(jù)定義或解釋說明猜測(cè)生詞的詞義 1根據(jù)定義或解釋說明猜測(cè)詞義 在be或be called等判斷詞出現(xiàn)的判斷句中，生詞是被解釋說明的表語，或是用來下定義的主語。 A person who is skilled at making or repairing wooden objects is called a carpenter. A mosquito is a small flying pest that thrust the skin and then drink blood. 定語從句或同位語對(duì)其先行詞起修飾或解釋說明的作用，有助于

2、猜出該先行詞的詞義。 Modern medicine began with the stethoscope, a medical tool used for listening to the movements of a persons lungs and his heartbeats. Perhaps the most astonishing theory comes out of the medical research of kinesics, the study of body movement which was suggested by the famous doctor and

3、professor named Sweeny. 有時(shí)標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)中的破折號(hào)“”也可引出起解釋說明作用的同位語或具有同義的短語或從句。 Down from the sky came a dark funnel-like漏斗狀的cloud. This dark cloud reached the ground all of a sudden. This terrible tornadoa wind which went round and round as fast as 500 miles an hour and picked up everything in its path, such as l

4、arge trees, cars and even houses. 只要讀懂以上五句話，猜出carpenter的詞義是“木匠”，mosquito的詞義是“蚊子”，stethoscope的詞義是“聽診器”，kinesics的詞義是“人體運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)”，而tornado的詞義是“龍卷風(fēng)應(yīng)是完全可能的。 2. 根據(jù)對(duì)比關(guān)系猜測(cè)生詞的詞義 在but, however, yet, otherwise或though這些表示意義轉(zhuǎn)折的連詞出現(xiàn)的句子中，其前后的詞有明顯的對(duì)比關(guān)系。根據(jù)已知的內(nèi)容，通過這種對(duì)比關(guān)系，很容易猜出生詞的詞義，例如： If you agree, write“yes”; if you dis

5、sent, write“no”. Some human actions are learned, but quite a few other actions are innate. Though Toms face has been washed quite clean, his neck still remains grubby. John usually wastes a lot of money on such useless things, his wife, however, is very thrifty. Although a large number of people con

6、sidered him to have stolen the money, I was sure that he was innocent of the theftn. 偷竊）. 通過上面各句的對(duì)比，不難猜出dissent的意義是：不同意，不贊同；innate的詞義是：天生的；grubby的詞義是骯臟的；thrifty的詞義是：節(jié)儉的；innocent的詞義是：無辜的。 3. 通過因果關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義 because, since與as是連結(jié)原因狀語從句的從屬連詞，so是連結(jié)表示結(jié)果的并列句的連詞，so that與such that的中that是連結(jié)結(jié)果狀語從句的。當(dāng)這些信息詞出現(xiàn)在有生詞的句中，

7、通過因果關(guān)系，依據(jù)已知部分，就能猜出生詞的詞義，例如： Rubber can be made to stretch more than nine times its normal length because it is very elastic. The river is so turbid that it is impossible to see the bottom even when it is shallow. Hes such a shrewd businessman that he loses no money in any trade. Turgid with the wate

8、r of the melting融化的snow, the rivers would soon overflow their banks. She wanted the hairdresser美發(fā)師to trim her hair a bit because it was too long. 通過上面五個(gè)句子的因果關(guān)系，依據(jù)已知部分，可以猜出elastic的詞義是：( )；turbid的詞義是：( )；shrewd的詞義是：( )；turgid with的詞義是：( )；trim是個(gè)動(dòng)詞，其詞義是：( )?！灸M試題】【模擬試題】 利用上述三種猜詞技巧猜出下列練習(xí)中劃線生詞的詞義利用上述三種猜詞

9、技巧猜出下列練習(xí)中劃線生詞的詞義 1. 根據(jù)定義或解釋說明猜出下列各句中劃線的生詞詞義根據(jù)定義或解釋說明猜出下列各句中劃線的生詞詞義 1Archaeology is the study of the buried remains of ancient times, such as houses, pots, tools and weapons. 2A magnet is a piece of iron or steel which can pull other pieces of iron to itself, and a magnet is sometimes used by some pe

10、ople to find their lost bits of iron from the places where its difficult for them to find them without a magnet. 3Travellers in deserts or thick forests always bring with them compasses, a kind of very helpful instruments that help them to know the directions and which always consist of a freely-mov

11、ing MAGNETIC needle that always moves to point to the north. 4Some armed policemen have to wear bullet-proof Vests, a piece of clothing that can protect their chests胸部and that are used to stop bullets or a vest which cannot be passed through by bullets. 5This strict officer is a martinet, a person w

12、ho demands total obedience服從to rules, descipline and orders. 6His uncle is a zoologist, an expert who does research on animals. 7Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool at different speeds. 8If you want to build your new houses with stones of regular shape, y

13、oud better consult excellent stonemasons, whose jobs is cutting stones into the desired shapes for building. 9Some organizations of United Nations prefer to take on polyglots as their workersthose who can understand as well as speak many languages. 10On the farm they mainly raise poultry, such as ch

14、ickens, ducks and geese, both for their eggs and their meat.【試題答案】【試題答案】 1. 11. 1考古學(xué)考古學(xué) 2 2磁鐵磁鐵 3 3指南針指南針 4 4防彈背心防彈背心馬甲）馬甲） 5 5要求嚴(yán)格服從紀(jì)律和命令的人要求嚴(yán)格服從紀(jì)律和命令的人 6 6動(dòng)物學(xué)家動(dòng)物學(xué)家 7 7淬火淬火 8 8石匠石匠 9 9懂而且會(huì)說多種語言的人懂而且會(huì)說多種語言的人 10 10家家禽禽 4. 根據(jù)生活常識(shí)猜測(cè)詞意 運(yùn)用邏輯推理能力，自身的生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)及生活常識(shí)，根據(jù)上下文能讀懂的部分，正確猜出生詞詞意，是一種行之有效的猜測(cè)詞意的方法。下面兩段文字中分別

15、有三個(gè)下面劃線的生詞，依據(jù)已知內(nèi)容，利用生活常識(shí)，可以較為準(zhǔn)確地猜出它們的詞意。 （1Fishes live in water and have fins which help them to swim. Most fishes have slimy skins covered with scales, so it is difficult to get firm hold of them. 這段文字的已知部分和已具備的生活常識(shí)清楚地告訴我們這三個(gè)生詞fins，slimy和scales的詞意分別是：( )。 鰭，滑溜，魚鱗鰭，滑溜，魚鱗 （2Birds fly with their wings

16、, and they pick up their foods, and then eat them with their beaks and they use their claws for tearing, seizing, pulling or holding objects. 這段文字的已知部分和我們對(duì)鳥的常識(shí)可以準(zhǔn)確地猜測(cè)出wings的詞意是：( )beaks的詞意是：( )claws的詞意是：( )。 （3When you throw a stone into still water of a lake, you will watch a ripple spread in rings

17、 on the surface of water. 這段文字的已知部分和我們的常識(shí)告訴我們r(jià)ipple的詞義是：( )。 （4Most of the roses are beginning to winter because of the cold. 句子的已知部分和我們的常識(shí)告訴我們：因?yàn)閲?yán)寒，大多數(shù)月季花正在開始（ ）。翅膀翅膀爪子爪子喙喙?jié)i漪漣漪枯萎枯萎 5. 根據(jù)同等關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞意 所謂同等關(guān)系，指的是一個(gè)詞，一組詞或短語在句中作同一成分，而且它們的詞意都屬于同一義域。在這樣的詞組和短語中，通常有并列連詞and或者or等作同等關(guān)系的標(biāo)志詞。據(jù)此，只要我們認(rèn)識(shí)其中一個(gè)或幾個(gè)詞或短語，即可確

18、定同等關(guān)系中生詞的詞性，在句中的作用和大概的義域。 （1In the ancient city of Rome, we visited every mansion, church, battle site, theatre and other public halls. （2There is no reason to insult and defame the man simply because you do not agree with him.( ) （3At forty-two he was in his prime and always full of energy. ( ) （4T

19、rees, shrubs, flowers and grass are basic to parks or large gardens. ( )詆毀詆毀盛年時(shí)期盛年時(shí)期灌木灌木 依據(jù)這四個(gè)生詞的語言環(huán)境，不難猜出mansion是名詞詞性，其義域?qū)儆凇敖ㄖ锘驁?chǎng)所的范疇，因?yàn)榕c其處于同等關(guān)系的詞不是建筑物，就是場(chǎng)所。defame是動(dòng)詞詞性，因?yàn)樗c動(dòng)詞insult是同等關(guān)系，insult的詞意是：侮辱，那么defame的詞意不外乎是“詆毀”，“中傷或“誹謗一類的意思。從年齡42歲，更重要是從與其有同等關(guān)系的full of energy，不難猜出prime的詞義是：盛年時(shí)期。第四個(gè)劃線生詞處于同等

20、關(guān)系的三個(gè)詞都是熟詞，trees的詞義是：樹木；flowers的詞義是：花朵，而grass的詞義是草地，而shrubs是何物，不言自明，肯定屬于植物一類，那么只要知道是植物就基本可以了。如果能就其前面出現(xiàn)的詞trees樹木），能推測(cè)出shrubs是比樹木矮的灌木，那就更為理想，因?yàn)楹蟀刖浣又€提供了信息：對(duì)于公園或大的花園來說是必不可少的。由此根據(jù)同等關(guān)系，又根據(jù)生活常識(shí)能猜出其詞義是“灌木是應(yīng)該可能的。 6. 根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法的知識(shí)猜測(cè)詞意 中學(xué)階段學(xué)過的那部分英語構(gòu)詞知識(shí)對(duì)于有效地猜出生詞詞意是很有用處的。只要知道詞根和前綴或后綴的意義，猜出由它們組成的新詞是理所應(yīng)當(dāng)?shù)摹?（1When a wi

21、se person misuses his wisdom, he will do great harm to society. （2The speaker enforce his argument by producing facts and figures. （3As they went along they saw the fog thickening and the thickness of the fog made them unable to see anything. （4The colours of Hawaii in summer are unforgetable. （5The

22、 passengers belongings on the train are stored in their holdalls, boxes, baskets and netbags. misuse的詞意是：錯(cuò)誤地使用；wisdom的詞意是：智慧；speaker此處的詞意是：發(fā)言人；enforced使變得更有力；argument的詞意是：論點(diǎn)；thicken的詞意是：使變得更濃；thickness的詞意是：濃密n. ）；而unable的詞意則是：不能夠。unforgetable的詞義是：令人難以忘懷的；belongings的詞義是：（屬于乘客們的物品或東西；而holdall(s)和netba

23、g都是合成詞，再加上它們出現(xiàn)的語境的同等關(guān)系都裝放或盛放東西的boxes和baskets一類器皿，所以holdall和netbag無非是“旅行袋或“行李包一類的東西，而netbag則是“網(wǎng)兜”。 根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法猜測(cè)根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法猜測(cè)英語中的構(gòu)詞法主要有三種：英語中的構(gòu)詞法主要有三種：派生派生Derivation）轉(zhuǎn)化轉(zhuǎn)化Conversion）合成合成Compounding）派生：派生：由一個(gè)詞根加上前綴或后綴構(gòu)成一個(gè)新的單由一個(gè)詞根加上前綴或后綴構(gòu)成一個(gè)新的單詞，該法是猜測(cè)英語單詞的主要方法。詞，該法是猜測(cè)英語單詞的主要方法。A.加前綴加前綴 dis-, in-, re-, un-, non-,B.加

24、后綴加后綴 able, -al, -an, -ful, -ive, -er, -ese, -ist, -ment, -ness, -tion, -fy, -ian, -ing, -is(z)e, -ly, -teen, -ty, -th, -y轉(zhuǎn)化：轉(zhuǎn)化：由某一詞性轉(zhuǎn)達(dá)化成另一詞性，其意義也發(fā)由某一詞性轉(zhuǎn)達(dá)化成另一詞性，其意義也發(fā)生一定的變化。生一定的變化。I was asked to minute the race.“minute轉(zhuǎn)化成動(dòng)詞，意為轉(zhuǎn)化成動(dòng)詞，意為“為為計(jì)時(shí)計(jì)時(shí)”hand(n.)hand(v.) empty(adj.)empty(v.)合成：兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的單詞組成一個(gè)合成：兩

25、個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的單詞組成一個(gè)新的單詞。新的單詞。如：如：blackboard, man-made,overthrow首字母縮略首字母縮略ISBN：International Standard Book Number 國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)圖書編號(hào)。國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)圖書編號(hào)。VIP：Very Important person 貴賓、貴賓、大人物大人物混合詞混合詞brunch: breakfast + lunch 早午餐早午餐smog: smoke + fog 煙霧煙霧其他其他VS：versus(=against)Brazil VS ChinaXL: extra large【模擬試題】【模擬試題】 4. 根據(jù)下面各句句意

26、和生活常識(shí)，猜出各句中劃線生詞根據(jù)下面各句句意和生活常識(shí)，猜出各句中劃線生詞的詞義的詞義 1European countries, for the present, are deeply mired in economic troubles, and their economic future looks uncertain and dark.（ ）（）（ ） 2Scientists group most living things into main groups called“kingdoms”. There are the plant kingdom and animal kingdom

27、. The study of plants is referred to as botany while the study of animals is spoken about as zoology.（ ） 3One of symptoms caused by the peculiar illness is a high fever.（ ）墮入墮入變化無常的變化無常的植物學(xué)植物學(xué)病癥病癥 4Barometers are used to measure the pressure of the air in order to help judge probable changes in the

28、weather or to help calculate the height above sea level. Weather experts use the fluctuations of the barometer as one of their guides in forecasting the weather.（ ） 5Although pencils actually are made of graphite, not of lead鉛）, the term“l(fā)ead pencilhas come to be widely used.（ ） 6The sound of water

29、gently lapping against the side of the boat during the silent night was very pleasant.（ ）氣壓表；升降氣壓表；升降石墨石墨拍打拍打 7Because this chemical liquid is highly volatile, we must keep it in a bottle which has a tight lid. 8The argument was finally settled by the arbitrator chosen and considered fair by both si

30、des.（） 9In old days when girls from rich families were married to their husbands they were expected to bring with themselves a large quantity of dowry. 10In the strong wind, the beggar shivered with the terrible cold.（） 7）（）（）易揮發(fā)的易揮發(fā)的仲裁者仲裁者嫁妝嫁妝顫抖顫抖 5. 根據(jù)下面各句句意和下面劃線生詞前后單詞的同等關(guān)系，猜出劃線生詞的大概義域。 1Scientist

31、s are now studying how birds such as terns and swans move from one place to another.（） 2Violins, violincellos, violas and mandolins all belong to stringed musical instruments.（） 3The hot tropical weather created a feeling of lassitude and encouraged laziness （）燕鷗；天鵝燕鷗；天鵝大，小提琴；曼陀林；帶鉉的；器具大，小提琴；曼陀林；帶鉉的

32、；器具疲倦疲倦 4A leader, young or old, must have character traits特性that inspire others to accept his leadership. He must show his courage, integrity and wisdom.（） 5Sheep are not carnivorous but wolves, foxes, tigers, lions, leopards or hyenas are all flesh-eating animals. 6This kind of animals enjoy eatin

33、g dry fruits with a seed surrounded by a hard shell, such as almonds, walnuts, cashew nuts, groundnuts and chestnuts.（） 7In China or India some pagodas are usually seen together with ancient temples, where Buddhist books or remarkable monks bones unburned to ashes in the fire. 5)( ) 6)( ) 7)( )耿直耿直食

34、肉的動(dòng)物；老虎；獅子；豹子；野狗食肉的動(dòng)物；老虎；獅子；豹子；野狗杏仁；核桃；腰果；花生；栗子杏仁；核桃；腰果；花生；栗子塔塔 8In the modernized kitchen youll find electric cooker, pressure cooker, micro wave oven, frying-pan, saucepan, toaster and so on. 9The planets Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn have been examined from spacecraft航天飛機(jī)sent up by Am

35、erican and Russian scientists. 10At the dinner party we drank a lot of sherriesthe most famous wine from Spain.6. 根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法，猜出下列各句中下面劃線的根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法，猜出下列各句中下面劃線的生詞的詞義生詞的詞義 1Teachers should be good at the method of persuasionpersuadeand education. 2I like the bird which has a pair of colourfulcolourwings. 3This

36、 is quite a painlesspainoperation for the patients who are afraid of the terrible pain caused by the operation. 4The city government has decided to have the main streets widenedwidenext year. 5Oh, how bumpybumpthe road is! It has to be repaired and made smooth. 6There are quite a few mistakes in you

37、r plan of the new building, so you must have it redesigneddesignas soon as possible. 7The story in the newspaper isnt completely true; some of the facts have been misreportedreport）. 8Following is a discontinuouscontinueline. 9It is immoralmoralof anybody to play with others affection. 10To quite a

38、great many people, money is an irresistableresisttemptation誘惑）. 7. 閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容猜出其中下面劃線生詞的詞義，然后回答或完成短文后面的問題。 Zip was stopped during the war and only after the war did zip become popular. What a difference it has made to our lives. It keeps people at home much more. It has made the distant parts of

39、the world more real to us. Photographs can show a country, but only zip is able to make us feel that a foreign country is real, because pictures given by the zip is movable and can make the scenes near or far, small or large. Also we can see scenes in the street. Big occasions and sudden incidents are zipped and then shown to the people all over the world, such as the Opening of Olympic Games, the election of a president and a car accident or an airplane crash. Perhaps those who suffer most from zip are the famous people, because when they step out of a plane, they have