企業(yè)通用系統(tǒng)模型

1、Systems Concepts 系統(tǒng)概念系統(tǒng)概念 6-12系統(tǒng)的定義 n所謂系統(tǒng)，是由相互聯(lián)系、相互作用的所謂系統(tǒng)，是由相互聯(lián)系、相互作用的許多要素結(jié)合而成的具有特定功能的統(tǒng)許多要素結(jié)合而成的具有特定功能的統(tǒng)一體。一體。3系統(tǒng)的屬性系統(tǒng)的屬性 n1.集合性 n2.相關(guān)性相關(guān)性n3.層次性層次性 n4.整體性整體性 n5.目的性目的性 n6.系統(tǒng)對于環(huán)境的適應(yīng)性系統(tǒng)對于環(huán)境的適應(yīng)性 n 系統(tǒng) + 環(huán)境 = 更大的系統(tǒng) 4系統(tǒng)的分類系統(tǒng)的分類 n按自然屬性按自然屬性n自然系統(tǒng)與社會系統(tǒng)自然系統(tǒng)與社會系統(tǒng)n按物質(zhì)屬性按物質(zhì)屬性n實體系統(tǒng)與概念系統(tǒng)實體系統(tǒng)與概念系統(tǒng)n按運動屬性按運動屬性n靜態(tài)系統(tǒng)與

2、動態(tài)系統(tǒng)靜態(tài)系統(tǒng)與動態(tài)系統(tǒng)n按系統(tǒng)與環(huán)境間的關(guān)系按系統(tǒng)與環(huán)境間的關(guān)系n開放系統(tǒng)與封閉系統(tǒng)開放系統(tǒng)與封閉系統(tǒng)n按照系統(tǒng)規(guī)模按照系統(tǒng)規(guī)模n系統(tǒng)（系統(tǒng)（little system）n大系統(tǒng)（大系統(tǒng)（large scale system）n巨系統(tǒng)巨系統(tǒng)(giant system)n按照系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)的復(fù)雜程度按照系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)的復(fù)雜程度簡單系統(tǒng)簡單系統(tǒng)(simple system)n復(fù)雜系統(tǒng)復(fù)雜系統(tǒng)(complex system)56系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu) S = E，R n S：代表系統(tǒng)；n E：表示要素的集合；n R：表示各種關(guān)系的集合。n其中， R R1 R2 R3 R4，n R1：要素和要素之間的關(guān)系，n

3、R2：要素和系統(tǒng)之間的關(guān)系，n R3：系統(tǒng)和環(huán)境之間的關(guān)系，n R4：其他各種關(guān)系。7System Components系統(tǒng)要素 Objectives1-78Open versus Closed Systems開放與封閉系統(tǒng)nOpen system n通過資源流動和外界環(huán)境相連得系統(tǒng)通過資源流動和外界環(huán)境相連得系統(tǒng)nClosed systemn與外界環(huán)境分割得系統(tǒng)與外界環(huán)境分割得系統(tǒng)1-89Open-Loop System開環(huán)系統(tǒng)1-910closed-Loop System閉環(huán)系統(tǒng)1-10feedback11 Systems Can Be Composed of Subsystems or

4、Elemental PartsSubsystem A-2Subsystem A-3Subsystem B-2Subsystem B-1SystemSubsystem ASubsystem BElemental Part CSubsystem A-1Elemental part B11-1112Physical and Conceptual Systems實體系統(tǒng)和概念系統(tǒng)nPhysical system n商業(yè)公司是一個由物資資源組成的系統(tǒng)nConceptual systemn闡述實體系統(tǒng)的系統(tǒng)闡述實體系統(tǒng)的系統(tǒng)n使用概念資源的系統(tǒng)使用概念資源的系統(tǒng)nInformationnData 1-12

5、13Conceptual system 概念系統(tǒng)概念系統(tǒng)Data Information processorInformation14 系統(tǒng)的功能 TransformationProcessInputResourcesOutputResources一般系統(tǒng)論重申亞里士多德的一個觀點：系統(tǒng)的功能可以大于系統(tǒng)的全部要素的功能總和系統(tǒng)的功能可以大于系統(tǒng)的全部要素的功能總和系統(tǒng)的功能 要素的功能 112The General Systems ModelnGraphic diagram with an accompanying narrative that depicts all organizatio

6、ns in a general way using a systems frameworknThe Physical SystemnMaterial flownPersonnel flownMachine flownMoney flow6-15 TransformationProcess Input Resources OutputResourcesBoundary of the Firm6-16The Conceptual SystemnOpen-loop systemsnClosed-loop systems (feedback loop)nManagement controlnThe i

7、nformation processor6-17TransformationProcessControlMechanismInputResourcesOutputResourcesFeedbackFeedback6-18ManagementTransformationProcessInputResourcesOutputResourcesInformationInformation6-19 Year-to-Date % of TotalItem Number Item Description Sales Volume Year-to-Date Sales 400293 BRAKE PIPE $

8、1,702.93 .068 319421 DOOR HANDLE GASKET 1,624.00 .065 786402 CLUTCH DRIVEN PLATE 1,403.97 .056 190796 CARPET SNAP 1,102.00 .044 001007 SPARK PLUG 1,010.79 .040 739792 HOSE CLIP 949.20 .038 722210 RUBBER PLUG 946.73 .038 410615 UPPER DOOR HINGE 938.40 .038 963214 REAR TUBE SHOCK 922.19 .037 000123 NE

9、EDLE VALVE 919.26 .037 Totals $11,519.47 .4616-20Information is Gathered from All of the Physical System ElementsManagementTransformationProcessOutputResourcesInput Resources6-216-226-23 ManagementInformation ProcessorOutput Resources InputResourcesInformation Information Data Transformation Process

10、6-24Conceptual System (cont.)nDimensions of InformationnRelevancynAccuracynTimelinessnCompletenessToo Much Information is called Information Overload6-25Conceptual System (cont.)nStandards nMeasure of acceptable performancenUsually stated in specific termsnUsed to control physical systemnConsists of

11、:nManagementnInformation processornStandardsnObjectivesnOverall goal that a system is to obtainnSystems have one or more objectives 6-266-27OutputResourcesInputResourcesManagementInformationProcessorTransformationProcessStandards InformationInformation Data6-28Conceptual System (cont.)nManagement by

12、 exceptionnCompares standards with information output of systemnManager becomes involved when system falls outside range of acceptable performancenCapability provided by CBIS6-29Conceptual System (cont.)nCritical Success Factors (CSFs)nA CSF is one of the firms activities that has a strong influence

13、 on the firms ability to meet its objectivesnFirms have multiple CSFsnCSFs focuses attention on a portion of a firms activities6-30StandardsManagementInformation Processor OutputResourcesTransformation Process InputResourcesDataInformationDecisions6-31Conceptual System (cont.)nDecision FlownData is transformed into information by the information processornManager transforms information into decisions6-32StandardsManagementInformation Processor OutputResourcesTransformation Process InputResourcesDat