國(guó)際貿(mào)易實(shí)務(wù)(周瑞琪等)-課后答案詳解

1、國(guó)際貿(mào)易實(shí)務(wù)英文版InternationalTradePractice周瑞琪王小歐徐月芳編著ChaptertwoIV. Shortquestions1. WhopaysforloadingforshipmentunderFOB?答：Seller.2. WhopaysforunloadingunderCIF?答：Buyer.3. CompareandcontrastFOB,CFRandCIF?答：Similarities:a.Seller'sriskwilsferrteartothebuyerwhenthegoodspasstheshipsrail.b.Sellerisresponsib

2、leforexportcustomsformalitieswhilebuyerisresponsibleforimportcustomsformalities.c.Buyerisresponsibleforunloadingthegoodsattheportofdestination.d.Allthreetermscanonlybeusedforwaterwaytransportation.Differences:a.FOBrequiresthebuyertoarrangeandpayfortheoceantransportation;CFRrequiresthesellertoarrange

3、andpayfortheoceantransportation;CIFrequiresthesellertoarrangeandpayfortheoceantransportationandinsuranceagainstthebuyersrisk.4. Whatarethetwotypesoftradetermsconcerningthetransferofrisks?答：Shipmentcontracttermsvs.arrivalcontractterms.Undershipmentcontracttermssellerriskwillbetransferredtothebuyerbef

4、orethegoodsdepartfromtheplace/portofshipment.Underarrivalcontracttermssellerwillbeartheriskofthegoodsuntilthegoodsarrivethedestination.5. WhatarethedifferencesandsimilaritiesbetweenCPTandCFR?答：Majorsimilarities:a.sellershouldcontractandpayforthemajorcarriage.b.Sellerisnottakingtheriskoflossordamaget

5、othegoodsduringthetransportation.Difference:a.CPTisapplicabletoanykindoftransportationmodewhileCFRisonlyusedforwaterwaytransport.b.UnderCPTseller'sriskwillbetransferredtothebuyerwhenthegoodsarehandedovertothefirstcarriernominatedbyseller.UnderCFRseller'sriskwillbetransferredwhenthegoodspasso

6、vertheshipsrail.6. WhatarethedifferencesandsimilaritiesbetweenCIPandCIF?答：Majorsimilarities:a.sellershouldcontractandpayforthemajorcarriage.b.Sellerisnottakingtheriskoflossordamagetothegoodsduringthetransportation.c.Sellermustobtaininsuranceagainstbuyer'srisk.Difference:a.CPTisapplicabletoanykin

7、doftransportationmodewhileCFRisonlyusedforwaterwaytransport.b.UnderCPTseller'sriskwillbetransferredtothebuyerwhenthegoodsarehandedovertothefirstcarriernominatedbyseller.UnderCFRsellersriskwillbetransferredwhenthegoodspassovertheshipsr7. IfyoutradewithanAmerican,isthesalescontractsubjecttoIncoter

8、mswithoutanydoubt?Whatshouldyoudo?答：No.TheRevisedAmericanForeignTradeDefinitions1941isstillinuse,especiallyamongtheNorthAmericanarea.Ithasdifferentinterpretationaboutsometradeterms.Thetradersshouldclarifythechoiceofrulesbeforeanyfurtherdiscussion.8. Whatarethemostcommonlyusedtradeterms?答：FOB,CFR&

9、;CIF.9. WhoisresponsibleforcarryingoutcustomsformalitiesforexportsunderanFOBcontract?答：Seller.AccordingtoIncoterms2000,exceptEXWandDDPthesetwoterms,alltheothereleventermsrequirethesellertohandletheexportcustomsformalities,whilebuyertheimportcustomsformalities.10. IfaChinesetradersignsaFOBHamburgcont

10、ract,isheexportingorimporting?答：Importing.FOBshouldbeusedwitha“namedportofshipment,ifHamburgistheportofshipment,fromtheChinesetrader'sperspective,heisimporting.V. CaseStudies1. AnFOBcontractstipulated,"TheshipmentwillbeeffectedinMarch2021.Ifthevesselfailstoarriveattheportofshipmentontime,th

11、eselleragreestosetasidethegoodsforadditional27days,andthebuyerwillbearallcostsofdelay."itturnedoutthatundertheseller'srepeatedrequests,thevesselnamedbythebuyerfinallyarrivedattheportofshipmentonMay1.Asaresult,thesellerrefusedtomaketheshipment.(1) Wasthesellerentitledtocompensationfortheware

12、houserent,insuranceandinterestduetothedelay?(2) IfthesellerhadsoldthegoodstoathirdpartyonApril25,shouldthebuyerpayforthedelay?(3) IfthesellerhadsoldthegoodstoathirdpartyonMay1withabetterprice,washeentitledtoanycompensation?析：a案例中提到“shipmentwillbeeffectedinMarch2021這種確定裝運(yùn)時(shí)間的方式允許在整個(gè)3月份期間的任何時(shí)間進(jìn)行裝運(yùn).也即是說(shuō)

13、,裝運(yùn)的最后期限為08年3月31日.b文中提到的“additiona27days根據(jù)合同賣(mài)方同意在買(mǎi)方船期延誤的情況下為其將貨物保存到4月27日.(1)答案：Yes做題切入點(diǎn)：aFOB術(shù)語(yǔ)關(guān)于雙方費(fèi)用劃分的規(guī)定；b合同本身的條款規(guī)定.(2)答案：No.做題切入點(diǎn)：合同本身的條款規(guī)定.(3)這題與第一題相比,不同的一點(diǎn)在于“withabetterprice:'解答時(shí)應(yīng)對(duì)這一點(diǎn)進(jìn)行分析：在賣(mài)方賣(mài)出貨物獲得更高利潤(rùn)的情況下,他是否還應(yīng)獲得相關(guān)賠償？答案：Yes做題切入點(diǎn)：合同本身的條款規(guī)定.2. AcontracttosellgrainusedaCFRterm.Thegrainwasoffi

14、ciallycertifiedasGradeOneatthetimeofbeingdeliveredonboardattheportofshipment.Aftermakingtheshipment,thesellergavethebuyertimelynotice.However,duetothelongvoyage,somegrainwentbad.Atthedestination,thegraincouldonlybesoldas"Grade3".Consequently,thebuyerclaimedcompensationforthedamage.Shouldth

15、esellerpay?析：a貨物在裝運(yùn)港已經(jīng)“officiallycertifiedasGradeOne,這就說(shuō)明貨物的質(zhì)量是合格的,而且是經(jīng)官方確認(rèn)的.b文中提到“duetolongvoyag這說(shuō)明貨物變質(zhì)的原因是由于運(yùn)輸時(shí)間長(zhǎng).答案：No.做題切入點(diǎn)：a貨物變質(zhì)的原因；bCFR術(shù)語(yǔ)下風(fēng)險(xiǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移的情況.3. UnderaCIFcontract,thegoodshadbeenloadedonboardthevesselaccordingtothetermsofthecontract.Thenthevesseldeparted.Anhourlater,thevesselstruckarockand

16、sunk.Thenextdaytheseller'sbankpresentedtheshippingdocuments,insurancepolicyandinvoicestothebuyer,anddemandedpayment.(1)Shouldthebuyerpay?(2) Whichpartywouldhavetotaketheloss?析：此題的關(guān)鍵疑問(wèn)在于買(mǎi)方明知貨物已全部損失,不可能再收到貨物,是否還應(yīng)支付貨款.這是考察對(duì)“symbolicdelivery這個(gè)概念的理解.在CIF術(shù)語(yǔ)下,賣(mài)方交貨時(shí)買(mǎi)方并沒(méi)有真正收到貨物,賣(mài)方的交貨是通過(guò)貨交承運(yùn)人并獲得相關(guān)單據(jù)(尤其是物權(quán)

17、憑證)來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)的.而相應(yīng)的,買(mǎi)方必須接受交貨,也就是買(mǎi)方必須接受賣(mài)方提供的相應(yīng)單據(jù)并履行相關(guān)支付的義務(wù).(1)答案：Yes.做題切入點(diǎn)：a賣(mài)方履行其義務(wù)的情況；bCIF術(shù)語(yǔ)對(duì)雙方交貨、領(lǐng)受貨物的規(guī)定；c解釋“symbolicdelivery在這里的應(yīng)用.(2)答案：Buyer.做題切入點(diǎn)：CIF術(shù)語(yǔ)下風(fēng)險(xiǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移的情況.由于本章主要討論貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)的應(yīng)用,關(guān)注的主要是買(mǎi)、賣(mài)雙方.如果答案是保險(xiǎn)公司,那么要求說(shuō)明損失的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)首先是由買(mǎi)方承當(dāng)?shù)?在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)屬于保險(xiǎn)公司承保范圍內(nèi)的情況下,保險(xiǎn)公司會(huì)對(duì)買(mǎi)方進(jìn)行局部或全部的賠償.4. AShanghaicompanysignedaCIFcontracttosellCh

18、ristmasgoodstoaBritishcompany.The$1millioncontractstipulated,"ThesellerguaranteesthatthegoodsarriveattheportofdestinationbyDecember1,2021.Ifthecarriageislate,thebuyercancancelthepurchase,andgettherefundforthepayment."Sotheshipmentwasmade.Unfortunately,duetomechanicalproblems,thevesselarriv

19、edatthedestinationafewhourslate.Thebuyerrefusedtoacceptthegoods.Asaresult,thegoodshadtobesoldonthespot,andthesellerlost$700,000.(1) Wasthe"arrivaldate"clauseconsistentwithCIFtermunderIncoterms2000?(2) Whattradetermisproperfortheobligationconcerningarrivaltime?析：賣(mài)方受損的原因是貨物到達(dá)目的港的時(shí)間晚于合同規(guī)定的時(shí)間,

20、因此買(mǎi)方拒收貨物.從外表上看,似乎問(wèn)題就是出在賣(mài)方違約上,但如果仔細(xì)分析就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn),該合同本身的內(nèi)容就存在自相矛盾的問(wèn)題.合同用的是CIF術(shù)語(yǔ),賣(mài)方在貨過(guò)船舷時(shí)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)就轉(zhuǎn)移賣(mài)方既不承當(dāng)運(yùn)輸途中的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),也不保證貨物是否能才£達(dá)目的港.CIF合同本質(zhì)上是一個(gè)"shipmentcontract但加上一條保證到岸時(shí)間的條款后,合同的性質(zhì)發(fā)生了變化：它變成了一個(gè)“arrivalcontract也就是說(shuō),在貨物按時(shí)抵達(dá)目的港之前的一切風(fēng)險(xiǎn)都由實(shí)方承當(dāng),否那么賣(mài)方就是違約.(1)答案：No.做題切入點(diǎn)：aCIF術(shù)語(yǔ)對(duì)雙方風(fēng)險(xiǎn)及義務(wù)的劃分,點(diǎn)出“shipmenbontract這一概念；b解釋“

21、arrivadateclause合同性質(zhì)的改變.(2)答案：DES.做題切入點(diǎn)：比照兩個(gè)術(shù)語(yǔ)在義務(wù)、費(fèi)用劃分上的相似程度.5. AChinesecompanyfinalizedatransactionwithaGermancompanyunderCIFpriceandL/Cpayment.BothsalescontractandL/Creceivedstipulatedthattransshipmentwasnotallowed.TheChinesecompanymadetheshipmentonadirectvesselwithinthevalidityperiodoftheL/Candne

22、gotiatedthepaymentwithadirectBillofLadingsuccessfully.AfterdepartingfromtheChineseport,inordertotakeanothershipment,theshippingcompanyunloadedthegoodsfromtheoriginalvesselandreloadedthemontoanotherone.Duetothedelayandthepoorconditionofthesecondvessel,thegoodsarrived2monthslaterthantheexpectedtime.Th

23、eGermancompanysufferedandclaimedcompensationfromtheChinesecompanywiththereasonthattheChinesesidecheatedthemwithadirectB/L.TheChinesecompanybelievedthatsincetheysignedthecontractundera至U岸價(jià)格andtheybookedtheshippingcompany,theywouldberesponsibleforwhathappened.AsaresulttheChinesesidecompensated.Comment

24、onthiscase.案例要點(diǎn)解析：a賣(mài)方根據(jù)合同規(guī)定履行了各項(xiàng)義務(wù),造成貨物到港延誤的原因是船公司擅自改變運(yùn)輸安排,賣(mài)方對(duì)此并不知情.b賣(mài)方把CIF理解成到岸價(jià)格存在錯(cuò)誤,混淆了承當(dāng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與承當(dāng)費(fèi)用的區(qū)別.如果把CIF理解成到岸價(jià)格",那么CIF就變成了一個(gè)到岸合同術(shù)語(yǔ)(arrivalcontracttermi)了,而實(shí)際上它應(yīng)該是個(gè)裝運(yùn)合同術(shù)語(yǔ)(shipmentcontractterm)0c因此,賣(mài)方在此情況下不應(yīng)進(jìn)行賠償,而是應(yīng)該協(xié)助買(mǎi)方向船方進(jìn)行索賠.ChapterthreeV.CaseStudies1. BBCompanysignedacontracttoexportclot

25、hing.ItsexportcoststotaledRMB800,000,andexportrevenuetotaledUSD100,000.IftheexchangeratewasUSD1=RMB8.2,Calculate:1) Itsexportcostforforeignexchange;A:Exportcostforforeignexchange=ExportcostinCNY/ExportrevenueinForeigncurry=800,000/100,000=82) Itsexportprofit/lossrate.A:TheExportcostforforeignexchang

26、eislessthantheexchangerate(8<8.2),sothistransactionisprofitable.Exportprofitmargin=(foreignexchangerate-exportcostforforeignexchange)/exportcostforforeignexchangex100%=(8.2-8)/8x100%=2.5%2. ThepricequotedbyaShanghaiexporterwas"USD1200perM/TCFRLiverpool".ThebuyerrequestedarevisedFOBprice

27、including2%commission.ThefreightforShanghai-LiverpoolwasUSD200perM/T.Tokeeptheexportrevenueconstant,whatwouldbeFOBC2%price?A:FOB=CFR-F=USD1200-USD200=USD1000FOBC2=FOB/(1-C%)=USD1000/(1-2%)=USD1020.4TheFOBC2%priceforthistransactionisUSD1020.4perM/T.3. ACCompanyofferedtosellgoodsat"USD100percaseC

28、IFNewYork".TheimporterrequestedarevisedquoteforCFRC5%.Thepremiumrateforinsurancewas1.05%andmark-upforinsurancewas10%.Togetthesameexportrevenue,whatwouldbeAC'snewoffer?A:CFR=CIFx(1-UxR)=USD100x(1-110%x1.05%)=USD98.845CRFC5=CFR/(1-C%)=USD98.845/(1-5%)=USD104.047ACsnewofferwouldbeUSD104.047per

29、caseCFRC5%NewYork.4. DDCompanyofferedtosellgoodsat"USD2000perM/TCIFTorontowith'allrisks'and'warrisk'for110%ofthevalue".TheimporterrequestedarevisedquoteforFOBGuangzhou.ThefreightforGuangzhou-TorontowasUSD50perM/T,andthepremiumratesfor"allrisks"and"warrisk&quo

30、t;were1%and0.2%respectively.Togetthesameexportrevenue,whatFOBpriceshouldtheexporteroffer?A:I=CIFxUxR=USD2000x110%x(1%+0.2%)=USD26.4FOB=CIF-F-I=2000-50W6.4=USD1923.6TheexportersnewoffershouldbeUSD1923.6perM/TFOBGuangzhoU'.5. Thepricequotedbyanexporterwas"USD450percaseFOBShanghai".Theimp

31、orterrequestedarevisedquoteforCIFAuckland.IfthefreightwasUSD50percase,110%ofthevaluewastobeinsured,andthepremiumrateforinsurancewas0.8%,whatwouldbethenewprice?A:CFR=FOB+F=450+50=USD500CIF=CFR/(1-UxR)=500/(1-110%x0.8%)=500/0.9912=USD504.44ThenewofferwouldbeUSD504.44percaseCIFAuckland.7. OnNov.20th,Le

32、eCo.offeredtosellgoodstoDeeInc.atUSD500percaseCIFLondon,Offervalidifreplyhere11/27.OnNov.22ndDeecabledback,OfferacceptedifUSD480percase.AsLeewasconsideringthebid,themarketpricewentoverUSD500.OnNov.25th,DeecabledanunconditionalacceptanceofLee'sinitialoffer.CouldLeerejectDeesacceptance?析：a.11月22日D

33、eeInc.的回復(fù)對(duì)價(jià)格進(jìn)行了更改,這是一個(gè)還盤(pán).當(dāng)DeeInc.對(duì)報(bào)盤(pán)進(jìn)行還盤(pán),原來(lái)的報(bào)盤(pán)就自動(dòng)中止了.在這個(gè)前提下,LeeCo.可以采取任何行動(dòng)而不須顧慮先前的報(bào)價(jià).b.盡管DeeInc.在原報(bào)盤(pán)的有效期內(nèi)又發(fā)出了一個(gè)無(wú)條件接受報(bào)盤(pán)的回復(fù),但由于之前他們已經(jīng)進(jìn)行了還盤(pán),所以此時(shí)的接受無(wú)效.答案：Yes做題切入點(diǎn)：a還盤(pán)的定義；b報(bào)盤(pán)中止的因素.8. XofferedtosellgoodstoY,Shipmentwithin2monthsafterreceiptofL/C,offervalidifreplyhere5days."Twodayslater,Ycabledback,Ac

34、ceptyouroffershipmentimmediately."Xdidn'treply.Twomoredayslater,XreceivedY'sL/Crequiringimmediateshipment.Atthistime,themarketpriceofthegoodswentupby20%.WhatoptionsdidXhavetodealwithY?析：a.Y在兩天后的回復(fù)中雖然聲明接受報(bào)盤(pán),但同時(shí)要求"shipmentimmediately",這是對(duì)原報(bào)盤(pán)的船期“shipmentwithin2months®行了修改,因此

35、構(gòu)成了一個(gè)還盤(pán).原報(bào)盤(pán)那么被中止.b.在這個(gè)前提下,再來(lái)考慮X都有哪些選擇以及哪個(gè)是最可能或最好的.c.X可能有的各項(xiàng)做題切入點(diǎn)：a,還盤(pán)的定義；b.報(bào)盤(pán)中止的因素;選擇；d.X最可能選擇的做法及原因.ChapterfourVI.CaseStudies1. YCompanysignedacontracttoexportreddates.ThecontractspecifiedthatthedatesshouldbeGrade3"Butatthetimeofshipment,therewerenotenoughthird-gradedatesonhandfordelivery.Asar

36、esult,datesofhigherquality,Grade2,wereusedassubstitutes.ThesellerproudlymarkedtheinvoiceDatesofGrade2soldatthepriceofGrade3.(1) Couldthebuyerrefusetoacceptthegoods?Whyorwhynot?(2) Wouldyoudodifferentlyifyouweretheseller?How?析：此題的解題要點(diǎn)：a.聯(lián)合國(guó)國(guó)際貨物銷(xiāo)售合同公約第三十五條(1)賣(mài)方交付的貨物必須與合同所規(guī)定的數(shù)量、質(zhì)量和規(guī)格相符,并須根據(jù)合同所規(guī)定的方式裝多!或

37、包裝.b.合同本身的品質(zhì)規(guī)定是Grade3"c.實(shí)際所交貨物的品質(zhì)是“Grade2'.(1)答案：Yes,買(mǎi)方可以拒收貨物.不管品質(zhì)比規(guī)定的好或差,只要實(shí)際所交貨物的品質(zhì)是與合同本身的品質(zhì)規(guī)定不同,就是不符.在此情況下,買(mǎi)方有權(quán)利拒收貨物.做題切入點(diǎn)：品質(zhì)不符的理解.(2)答案：Yes,如果我是賣(mài)方,我會(huì)與買(mǎi)方磋商,尋求買(mǎi)賣(mài)雙方都能接受的處理方法.做題切入點(diǎn)：與買(mǎi)方磋商解決.2. ABXCompanysentasampleofexportinggoodstoaGermanbuyerduringnegotiation.Later,acontractwassigned,andth

38、eprovisionofthegoodswas,Moisture:14%;Impurity:4%.Beforeshipment,theselleragaincabledthebuyer,Qualityaspersample.Aftdiakingthedelivery,thebuyerhadthegoodsinspected.Althoughthequalityconformedtothetermsofthecontract,itwaslowerthanthatofthesampleby7%.Asaresult,thebuyerfiledaclaimforcompensation.Didthes

39、ellermakeanymistake?Whyorwhynot?析：答案是Yes.買(mǎi)方可以向賣(mài)方提出索賠,由于賣(mài)方交付的貨物的品質(zhì)與樣品不符；在這筆交易中,賣(mài)方犯了起碼兩個(gè)錯(cuò)誤：錯(cuò)誤(1):品質(zhì)條款沒(méi)有品質(zhì)機(jī)動(dòng)某些產(chǎn)品(如農(nóng)副產(chǎn)品等)的質(zhì)量具一定的不穩(wěn)定性,為了交易的順利進(jìn)行,在規(guī)定其品質(zhì)指標(biāo)的同時(shí),應(yīng)制定一定的品質(zhì)機(jī)動(dòng)幅度,允許賣(mài)方所交的貨物的品質(zhì)指標(biāo)在一定的幅度內(nèi)有靈活性.否那么單一的品質(zhì)指標(biāo)難以達(dá)至L往往給賣(mài)方履行合同帶來(lái)困難.做題的切入點(diǎn)：品質(zhì)機(jī)動(dòng)條款錯(cuò)誤(2):品質(zhì)規(guī)定用了雙重標(biāo)準(zhǔn),既憑合同規(guī)格買(mǎi)賣(mài),又憑樣品買(mǎi)賣(mài).表示品質(zhì)的方法很多,品質(zhì)條款應(yīng)視商品的特性而定,采取合理的品質(zhì)規(guī)定.但

40、凡能用一種方法表示某種品質(zhì)的,一般就不宜用兩種或兩種以上的方法來(lái)表示.根據(jù)聯(lián)合國(guó)國(guó)際貨物銷(xiāo)售合同公約,如同時(shí)采用既憑樣品又憑規(guī)格買(mǎi)賣(mài),那么要求賣(mài)方交付的貨物的品質(zhì)必須既與樣品一致,又要符合合同所規(guī)定規(guī)格,要做到兩全其美,難以辦得到,往往給賣(mài)方履行合同帶來(lái)困難.做題的切入點(diǎn)：品質(zhì)規(guī)定的雙重標(biāo)準(zhǔn),既憑合同規(guī)格又憑樣品買(mǎi)賣(mài)3. XCompanysignedacontracttoexportrice.Thequantitywas10,000tons.Aftertakingthedelivery,theforeignbuyerdemandedanadditional160metrictonsofrice

41、.Whatwentwrong?析：此題的解題要點(diǎn)：合約中的數(shù)量為“噸,是不明確的規(guī)定.“噸,在實(shí)行公制的國(guó)家一般理解為公噸,每噸為1000公斤；在實(shí)行英制的國(guó)家一般理解為長(zhǎng)噸,每噸為1016公斤；在實(shí)行美制的國(guó)家一般理解為短噸,每噸為907公斤.所以,當(dāng)賣(mài)方理解為公噸,每噸為1000公斤；而買(mǎi)方理解為長(zhǎng)噸,每噸為1016公斤是,這份合約下賣(mài)方實(shí)際交貨的數(shù)量與買(mǎi)方預(yù)期收貨數(shù)量的差異為160公噸(1016kg-1000kg)X10,0000=160000kg=160metrictons.答案：是買(mǎi)賣(mài)雙方對(duì)合約數(shù)量規(guī)定的“噸有不同的理解.做題的切入點(diǎn)：a.數(shù)量規(guī)定不明確；b.不同度量衡制度下的“噸表

42、示的實(shí)際數(shù)量不同.4. ABeijingcompanysignedacontracttoimportwoolfromAustralia.Thequantitywasspecifiedas20M/T“Whenthewoolwasdelivered,ithadaregainof33%.(1) Whatisaregain?(2) Whydidthebuyergetabaddeal?(3) Ifthestandardregainis10%,andactualregainis33%,whatistheconditionedweight?析：此題的解題要點(diǎn)：a.文中提到合同約定的數(shù)量是“20MT,應(yīng)理解為

43、凈重.由于計(jì)算重量的方法有毛重,凈重,公量等,而根據(jù)聯(lián)合國(guó)國(guó)際貨物銷(xiāo)售合同公約第五十六條,如果價(jià)格是按貨物的重量規(guī)定的,如有疑問(wèn),應(yīng)按凈重確定.b.合同商品的羊毛,具有較強(qiáng)的吸濕性,其所含的水分受客觀環(huán)境的影響較大,故其重量很不穩(wěn)定.為了準(zhǔn)確計(jì)算這類(lèi)商品的重量,國(guó)際貿(mào)易中買(mǎi)賣(mài)雙方通常會(huì)約定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(公定)回潮率,采用按公量計(jì)算的方法.(1)答案：回潮是指貨物(纖維材料)在環(huán)境溫度下吸濕含水的現(xiàn)象潮率那么是指貨物纖維材料含水重量占貨物纖維材料干重的百分比做題的切入點(diǎn)：回潮率的概念2答案：買(mǎi)方這筆交易不劃算.由于合同中沒(méi)有明確規(guī)定計(jì)算重量的方法,只能按凈重計(jì)算.因此當(dāng)賣(mài)方實(shí)際交貨的羊毛,因具有較強(qiáng)的吸

44、濕性而其所含的水分高達(dá)33%是,買(mǎi)方也別無(wú)他法,只得按凈重連帶33%的水分計(jì)算付款.:ConditionedWeight=DriedNetWeightx1+StandardRegain=NetWeightx1+StandardRegain1+ARtUaegaigiainDriedNetWeight=NetWeight/(1+ActualRegain)=20/(1+33%)=15.04M/TMoisturecontent=ActualWeight-DriedNetWeight=20-15.04=4.96M/Tor:Regain=(moisturecontent/ovendriedweight)x

45、100%=(moisturecontent/actualweight-moisturecontent)x100%Moisturecontent=(regainxactualweight)/(1+regain)=(33%x20)/(1+33%)=4.96M/TDriednetweight=actualweight-moisturecontent=20-4.96=15.04M/T做題的切入點(diǎn)：合同約定計(jì)算重量的方法不明確(3)答案：如按公量計(jì)算,這批貨只有16.54公噸.計(jì)算：1+StandardRegainConditionedWeigh.NetWeightxR1+aACsJahRRXgai=2

46、0x(1+10%)/(1+33%)=16.54M/T做題的切入點(diǎn)：公量的計(jì)算ChapterfiveVI.CaseStudies1. ABCco.signedacontracttoexport200M/Tofbeans.Theletterofcreditstipulated,Partialshipmentnotallowed.Whentheshipmentwasbeingmade,theexporterloaded100M/TeachonboardthesamevesselforthesamevoyageattheportofShanghaiandtheportofDalian.Theshipmentdocumentwasclearlymarkedwiththeportsofshipmentandtheda