國際貿易壁壘分析英文版

1、International Green Trade Barrier(一) IntroductionGreen Trade Barrier, simply Green Barrier or Environment Barrier, comes into being at the late 1980s and begins to develop in every country all over the world in the 90s. It concludes those measures either directly or indirectly taken to restrict or e

2、ven ban on import trade by the importing country during the international trade activities in order to protect its environment, natural resources and human beings health. It is a new type of non-tariff barriers which is actually used by developed countries as a tool of restricting developing countri

3、es importing and exporting trade in the name of environmental protection under the condition of the fierce conflict between environment and trade. For example, American refused to import the petrol of Venezuela because the Pb content in it has been beyond the standard of this country; European count

4、ries ban imports on the refrigerators which content Freon; The USDA bans imports on the beef from countries that have had cases of mad cow disease. Objectively speaking, there are two general kinds of Green Barrier, namely Kind Green Barrier and Vicious Green Barrier, which is classified according t

5、o its own motives. If the importing countries establish and implement their policies, law and technical standards to restrict the import with the purpose of protecting ecology, peoples health and developing sustainably, it is a Kind Green Barrier. However, the Vicious Green Barrier is actually a way

6、 of trade protectionism, which is aimed at making use of the domestic technical advantages to stop developing countries from entering its home market. Such kind of green barrier should be resisted and prevented. They have different or even opposite influence on the international trade. The former ca

7、n keep our society developing in a sustainable and harmonious order, whereas the latter fails to do it like that. Therefore, we should keep this problem in prospective.(二) Reasons of the Risei. Green Trade Barrier is more elusive and safer than other non-tariff barriers.Compared with import quotas,

8、import license, import ban and many other non-tariff barriers, the Green Trade Barrier has fewer problems in the unreasonable distribution and varieties of discriminations hence it is much easier to avoid trade friction. Besides, the modern inspection standards based on the scientific technology are

9、 so stringent and complicated that it is difficult for the export countries to deal with and adjust to. ii. The deterioration of the worldwide environment has changed our human value.With the fast growth of the Industrialization and the world economy, the pollution and disruption of environment and

10、natural recourses have become more and more serious, such as global warming, ozone depletion, bio-diversity reduction and many other environmental problems. And they have brought out great changes in peoples value and consuming behaviors. Going for good life quality and creating green civilization h

11、ave taken the dominant place in their mind. Therefore, there is an increasing demand in environmentally friendly and healthy green products. The preference for green products in the developed countries is one of forming reasons of this barrier.iii. The decrease of traditional non-tariff barriers has

12、 given a good chance for the rise of the Green Trade Barrier.With the implement of The GATT and the World Trade Organization and the constant decrease of duties, the non-tariff barriers have been more restricted stringently and the traditional trade barriers do not work as well as before. In this ca

13、se, the developed countries have to find out and conduct new trade-protection measures standing in their own shoes. So the Green Trade Barrier happens.iv. The environmental standards in every country are different.It cannot be denied that the level of social productive forces and the awareness of pr

14、otecting environment in the developed countries are far higher than them in the developing ones. Though the stipulation and implement of Environmental standards in which they are very strict mean little to the homemade product competitive, they will have great impact on lots of developing countries.

15、 Consequently, for protecting their own trade, the Green Barriers are built with restricting the import of developing countries.v. The existence of all kinds of green organizations and its influence on the national policy are one of the major factors Since 1970s, there have been many green organizat

16、ions establishing all over the world. They are an increasingly important kind of political power which has directly great impact on the government policy as well as the official status and their political career. Therefore lots of parties have politicalized the environmental problems by setting abou

17、t adding the environment protection policy into their policy system, which unavoidably involves the economy and trade areas. At the same time, under the pressure given by the domestic manufacturers, the governments in developed countries have to establish some green barriers to protect their benefit

18、s. vi. Another rise of the trade protectionism in developed countries and the loophole of WTO rules are the fundamental factors for the rise of Green Trade Barrier.Under the pressure of the slow growth of domestic economy, the increasing unemployment and the lack of superior industry, the developed

19、countries, on one hand, strongly advocate Free Trade Theory within WTO for developing and expanding service trading market, especially in the superior industry and Knowledge-based economy. On the other hand, they adopt new trade protectionism measures in their relatively inferior areas by establishi

20、ng some unattainable standards for the import products of the developing countries. It is not surprising that the Green Trade Barrier is adopted.（三）The basic characteristics of Green Trade Barrieri. It is nominally reasonable.Outwardly speaking, Green Trade Barrier is set with the purpose of preserv

21、ing our natural resources, environment and maintaining our health. However, it is actually used by developed countries as a tool of restricting developing countries importing and exporting trade.ii. It is formally lawful.Green Trade Barrier belongs to non-tariff barriers. However, it is based on a s

22、eries of international and domestic public law and regulations, which is totally different form the other non-tariff barriers. It is lawfully allowable that the developed countries conduct the stringent green barriers measures towards the import according to the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Tr

23、ade.iii. It is extensive in the content of protectingIt not only makes provisions and restrictions in producing and selling of many products involved with environmental protection and human beings health, but also lays great pressure in the industrial manufactured goods which have to commit to the s

24、afety, health, antifouling and many other environmental standards.iv. It is elusive in the ways of protectingCompared with import quotas, import license, import ban and many other non-tariff barriers, the Green Trade Barrier has fewer problems in the unreasonable distribution and varieties of discri

25、minations hence it is much easier to avoid trade friction. Besides, the modern inspection standards based on the scientific technology are so stringent and complicated that it is difficult for the export countries to deal with and adjust to. v. It needs high technology.It has great demand in high te

26、chnology in the process of products producing, using, consuming and use-after handling.The Exports of Agricultural Commodities of China & International Green Trade Barrier(一) The Present Situation of Chinese Agricultural Product Export IntroductionSince China's accession to WTO, its labor-in

27、tensive farm products have lost their international competitive advantage. As a large agricultural country our country is, its technological level of farm products producing is low. Thats why so many developed countries restrict our farm products export by making use of the Green Barriers in order t

28、o weaken our competition, which can be seen from the chart below.The change of Chinese agricultural competitive advantage from 1980 to 2005 (二) The problems existing in domestic farm product i. Low quality; low Value-added processing rate and lack of international competition are the main problems.

29、Though great progress has been made and the export of the processing agricultural products has increased over the years, the processing technology cannot keep pace with other developed countries with a result of being unable to get rid of the simple producing style. ii. The less protection and suppo

30、rt on the safety of the farm commoditys export is another problem. Recently, some countries establish Green Barriers to restrict our countrys export of farm produce, which might because of the unsolved problems about the use of hormone and the overuse of pesticide in them. In this case, if the produ

31、cers and exporters fail to know about the specific regulations on the farm product in the import countries, they will risk losing a lot for being unable to meet the product quality standard.iii. The imperfect of rule of law is another problem. Though the environment protection law system has been ta

32、ken into effect since the raise of the reform and opening-up policy, it is impossible to be conducted comprehensively over the country. (三) The influence of Green Trade Barrier on the export of Chinese farm product1) The positive influence of Green Barrier on the agriculture of Chinai. It is helpful

33、 to protect and ameliorate our agricultural ecological environment. The mandatory execution of Green Barrier can enhance the public peasantrys awareness of environment protection and encourage them to take environment-protection measures in the process of producing farm produce in order to protect t

34、he produce from being polluted. Therefore, a beneficial cycle that protecting and ameliorating environment in the process of producing and producing in the process of protecting and ameliorating environment can be formed.ii. It is good to optimize the industrial structure of agriculture of our count

35、ry and develop the strategy of green agriculture. Conducting Green Barriers can spur farm producers to adapt soon to the Green Trade Standard; make good use of farming resource and focus on producing environment-friendly farm output. It also contributes to keep the using dosage of fertilize; pestici

36、de and Veterinary drug under control, which is helpful to protect our environment from being polluted.iii. It is good to develop our countrys agricultural technology and improve the farm productions quality. Every technological standard involved Green Barriers is usually based on the advanced enviro

37、nment-protection technology. In order to comply with such standards and avoid the trouble made by the Green Barriers, the farming producers have to enhance technological level to guarantee the productions quality. In the long run, with the rise of agriculturally technological level and quality, our

38、countrys international status will be higher. 2) The negative influence on the agricultural products of Chinai. Firstly, the “Green trade Barrier” leads to the reducing amount of the exporting agriculture products. Since the Reform Police was put into practice, the export of national agriculture pro

39、ducts has been increasing about 5% annually. However, along with the expansion and enhancement of the “Green trade Barrier”, it shows an reducing tendency. The major influenced industries included animal husbandry, fishery, fruit and vegetable production and so on. For example, it was reported by th

40、e Animal Protection Organization from many countries like Switzerland in February 2006, which revealed the news of fur and feather animals breeding and process industries in Gangshu Count, Heber Province. Among them, the Animal Protection Organization appeal for the European Unit to prevent our fur

41、and feather industries from entering the EU market. As a result, the proportion of our fur and feather industries which occupied the international market is dropping down dramatically nowadays.ii. Secondly, the “Green trade Barrier” makes the exporting cost of the agricultural products go up. Take t

42、he identification of the green mark for example; we have to make an effort to pay a large amount of money for the equipment expense caused for the detection, test and evaluation. Besides, we also have to give a payment for the direct fee of the annual usage from the identification, the application a

43、nd even the usage of the brands. Therefore, the cost of these products is rising in a large degree, which makes them lose the competitive strength of price.iii. Thirdly, the Green Trade Barrier decreases farmers income in our country. Due to the strike from the “Green trade Barrier” form some advanc

44、ed countries, farmers in our country have cut down their production enthusiasm, which in some degree restrict the development of our farming. In the recent years, the majority of our agricultural product market has verged to saturation along with continual development of our national marketing econo

45、mic. In result, an important method of increasing income lies to open-up oversea agriculture and bring the national agricultural product to the international market. It is because of the implement of the “Green trade Barrier”, our national export of agricultural product has met successive obstruct.

46、In contrast, the foreign agricultural products enter our market smoothly. For example, the European countries had ever taken the seawater pollution as excuse to limit our exporting amount, which caused our export of seawater product to reduce to the rate of 50%. Some food like frozen chicken and fro

47、zen meet have dropped to 7% to 30%. All of them are the direct reasons for the reducing amount of farmers income.(四) The countermeasure of dealing with the global International Green Trade Barrier”i. Firstly, raise the awareness of the “Green Barrier” in the whole society.Changing the chance and thr

48、eat which “Green Barrier” onto the motivation of the whole society as well as building up a concept of green consumption. Besides, advocating a green life style and developing the green ecology agriculture, implement the exporting strategy of green agriculture product. It is necessary to quicken the

49、 adjustment and promotion of our agricultural product, encourage the creation of technology, set up the country specialized organization and promote the advanced and ecology product. For the quality, we should develop the high quality agriculture to change into the high quality with additional value

50、.According to the marketing requirement, the authority should supervise the whole producing process of the agriculture to make sure that the agriculture product producing will not be polluted by the environment or the human beings. Lead the agriculture production into standardization by cultivating

51、the leading agriculture enterprise. Thus, our national industries can produce more green and organic product and improve our international competitive ability.We can build up the special healthy protecting organization for the foods and animals. This is an importing method to eliminate the “Green Ba

52、rrier”, which progresses the connection between our national agriculture product checkout and the international standard joint. Set up a system which could motivate the long-term development of the agriculture. Besides, it is also the important element of the green exporting.ii. Secondly, establish

53、the institution of “ISO14000” It is about international standard of environmental management and identification systems of environmental mark in our country. Because they are the inevitable gate which our exporting agriculture goods should pass before entering the international market. Also, it is t

54、he ticket to the entering market. Not only can it enhance our international competition, but also increases the level of our national environment. Since 1996, we have introduced the system of “ISO14000”, and we put it into trial practice. However, there were only 263 enterprises which had passed the

55、 examination by the end of April in year 2004. It just occupied a very small proportion among our country. Date back to 1994, the commitment of our identification system was stetted up on may 17th, which was fell behind others, especially for the advanced countries.The main methods of promoting the

56、regulations of “ISO14000” should include as listed below.Firstly, take actions in a positive attitude rather than a negative mind. The authority should advertise the series of regulations in “ISO14000”, educate enterprises the knowledge of standardizing environmental management and recognizing envir

57、onmental mark. Secondly, keeping close relationship with international market. The government should take the international environmental management into consideration while making ours. Besides, it is suggested that the standard for the polluting amount, the quality if the product and the nature of

58、 the safety should also be stick to the international ones. Thirdly, stressing on the reorganizations of our environmental marks on both bilateral and multilateral sides. It is because the uniform of the environmental marks has not been reaching to an agreement so far. Therefore, we should enhance t

59、he efficiency of the environmental marks with a purpose to make them accepted by other countries. Only making an effort, can our agriculture goods enter the international market more smoothly.iii. Thirdly, improve the laws and regulations on agricultural product trade Afforest the structure of exporting product in order to build up a sustainable developing pattern of international trade. We can adjust and modify some