中考英語說明文的寫作方法

1、中考英語說明文的寫作方法就 說明對象”而言，英語說明文可分為對客觀具體事物”的說明和對 主觀抽象觀念”的說明兩大類，比如：對“LASER （激光）"、“Computer Problem of Year 2000 （計算機2000年問題）”等等的說明都是對客 觀或者具體事物的說明，而“The Successful Interview （談成功的面試）"、"How to Write Good EnglishComposition （如何才能寫好英語作文）”等是對主觀抽象觀念的說明。對我們中學生朋友來說，在漢語說明文的教學中似乎比較側(cè)重前者，即解釋客觀具體事物的說明文。

2、但在英語說明文中，闡述和說明主觀抽象觀念”的說明文占了很大的比重，其中有些類似漢語中的議論文。但是無論是對 客觀具體事物”的說明還是對主觀抽象觀念”的闡述，英語說明文從結(jié)構(gòu)上看大致可分為三個部分：第一部分一般是文章的第一 段，提出文章的主題，也就是說，文章想要闡述、說明的主要內(nèi)容；第二部分是文章的主體，可由若干個 段落組成，對文章的主題進行展開說明；第三部分是結(jié)尾段，對文章的主題作歸納總結(jié)。從英語說明文的 結(jié)構(gòu)可以看出，要寫好英語說明文的關(guān)鍵在于第二部分如何對文章主題進行展開說明。在英語中，常見的 用來展開文章主題的方法有下列幾種：1 .羅列法（listing ）在文章開始時提出需要說明的東西

3、和觀點，然后常用first, second, and finally加以羅列說明。羅列法廣泛地使用于 各類指導(dǎo)性 的說明文之中，下面這篇學生作文就是用羅列法寫成的：Early RisingEarly rising （早起）is helpful in more than one way. First , it helps to keep us fit （健康）。 We all needfresh air. But air is never so fresh as early in the morning. Besides , we can do good to our health from d

4、oing morning exercise（做早操）。Secondly, early rising helps us in our studies. We learn more quickly in the morning , and find it easier to remember what we learn in the morning.Thirdly , early rising enables （使能夠） us to plan the work of the day. We cannot work well without a good plan. Just as the plan

5、 for the year should be made in the spring , so the plan for the day should be made in the morning.Fourthly , early rising gives us enough time to get ready for our work , such as to wash our faces and hands and eat our breakfast properly.Late risers may find it very difficult to form the habit of e

6、arly rising. They ought to make special efforts to do so. As the English proverb says , “ Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise. 羅列法經(jīng)常用下列句式展開段落，我們可以注意模仿學習：There are several good reasons why we should learn a foreign language. First of all ,- Secondly,- Andfinally ,We s

7、hould try our best to plant more trees for several good reasons First of all ,- Secondly,- Andfinally ,必須指出的是，有時羅列法并不一定有明確的first,second等詞，但文章還是以羅列論據(jù)展開的。2 .舉例法（examples）舉例法是用具體的例子來說明我們要表達的意思，常用for example, for instance, still another exampleis 等詞語引出。下面這篇學生作文就是用舉例法寫成的：RecreationIt is impossible to kee

8、p in good health unless we take enough recreation （娛樂）。 The mind , too, needs change to make it fresh and vigorous （有活力的） There is much truth in the old saying , All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. ”There are many games which boys and girls can play after their school work is done , for inst

9、ance, football , tennis, and kite-flying. Other examples of recreation are boating , fishing , gardening, cycling , walking , chess-playing, and reading. Persons who sit much at their business should take a kind of recreation that will supply their muscles （肌肉） with exercise. Those who spend most of

10、 their time in the open air and do manual work （體力活）should adopt （采納）reading or some other quiet form of recreation.Cycling is said to be an important means of recreation , but many persons foolishly tire out themselves by cycling too much. The same may be said in regard to football. Tennis is a ple

11、asant form of recreation. Many persons take great delight in boating. Fishing requires much patience , and there is much danger of taking cold by sitting still on a cold day too long. A good brisk （輕松） walk is one of the finest forms of exercise. For persons engaged in outdoor labor, chess-playing i

12、s another excellent form of recreation.可以看出，舉例法和羅列法有時可以結(jié)合使用：即用羅列法來列出例子，用例子充實羅列的說明。3 .比較法 （comparison and contrast）比較法是對兩個對象進行比較，從而進行說明的寫作手法。比較法又可細分為比較相同點（comparison）和比較不同點（contrast）兩種方法，比如：From Paragraph to EssayAlthough they are different in length （長度）,the paragraph and the essay are quite similar

13、 in structure （結(jié) 構(gòu)）。 For example, the paragraph starts with either a topic sentence （主題句） or a topic introducer followed by a topic sentence. In the essay, the first paragraph sets up the topic focus （主題所在） Next, the sentences in the body of a paragraph develop the topic sentence. Similarly , the bo

14、dy of an essay consists of a number of paragraphs that discuss and support the ideas given in the introductory （弓I導(dǎo)的） paragraph. Finally , a concluding sentence （結(jié)束句）whether a restatement, conclusion , or observationends the paragraph.The essay, too, has a concluding paragraph which ends the essay l

15、ogically and satisfactorily. Although there are some exceptions （例夕卜）, most well written expository （說明文的） paragraphs and essays are similar in structure.可以看出， 在比較相同點的時候，常用至U similarly , also, too, in the same case, in spite of the difference等這樣的詞語。European Football and American FootballAlthough Eur

16、opean football is the parent of American football , the two games show several major differences. European football , sometimes called association football or soccer , is played in 80 countries ,making it the most widely played sport in the world. American footballon the other handis popular only in

17、North America （the United States and Canada） 。 Soccer is played by eleven players with a round ball. Footballalso played by eleven players in somewhat different positions（位置） on the field , is played with an elongated（拉長的） round ball. Soccer has little body contact （接觸） between players and therefore

18、 needs no specialprotective equipment. Football , in which players make the greatest use of body contact to stop a running ball-carrier and his teammates ,needs special protective equipment. In soccer,the ball is advanced toward thegoal by kicking it or by butting（頂） it with the head. In American fo

19、otball ,on the other hand, the ball ispassed from hand to hand or carried in the hands across the opponent's （對手）goal. These are just a few of thefeatures which distinguish （區(qū)另 U） association and American football.這是一篇用 比較不同點的手法寫的說明文。從文章中可以看出：however, on the other hand, in contrast,but, neverthe

20、less等表示轉(zhuǎn)折的詞語常用來引導(dǎo)對不同點的比較。4 .定義法（definition ）定義法也是英語說明文中常用的寫作手法，特別是在對具體事物概念進行說明時經(jīng)常使用。定義法的 基本要素是定義句。英語中常見定義句的模式是：被定義對象is所屬類別+限制性定語可以看出，定義句中限制性定語越詳細，定義就越精確，比如：A bat is a small mouse-like animal that flies at night and feeds on （以為食品）fruit and insects but is not a bird.其實，在英一英詞典中，對英語單詞的英文解釋就是定義法的典型例子。比如

21、， 看看Longman詞典對 student 和 teacher 的定義是很有意思的： A student is a person who is studying at a place of education or training. A teacher is a person who gives knowledge or skill to sb. as a profession （專業(yè)）。5 .順序法（sequence of time, space and process順序法是指按時間、空間或過程的順序進行說明的一種寫作手法。比如按照時間順序介紹一個科學家 的生平，用空間順序闡述逐漸開發(fā)

22、西部的重要意義，用過程順序法解釋葡萄酒的生產(chǎn)過程等等。下面這篇學生作文就是用順序法寫成的：CoalCoal underwent （經(jīng)受）many changes before it became the bright, brittle （脆的）, black substancewhich we now use. During ancient times （在上古時代） , when the earth enjoyed a very warm and wet climate , the land was covered with large forests and big plants. As

23、time went on , the ground changed and began to sink （下沉） a little. These very large numbers of trees and vegetables received a deposit （沉淀） of sand and clay.This layer of sand and clay pressed upon the layer beneath and prevented it from contact with air. These trees and plants received the pres sur

24、e and changed its appearance.Generations after generations （幾世2己后）, as the ground kept gradually sinking , another layer of sand and clay was again deposited （積聚） above the layers already formed. A great pressure was thus exerted （作 用） and the peat （泥煤） was changed into the black and brittle substan

25、ce which is known as coal.Coal is a kind of mineral which is formed by nature as above stated. It is an important industrial material and is chiefly used as fuel. It is very valuable in the industrial world. The place where coal deposit is called a coalmine (煤礦)。In China, coal mines are largely found in the north-west part of the country. Shanxi is a famous province for producing coal. It has the most coal of China.6