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1、句子成分的劃分主干:主,謂,賓 分枝:定狀補,表語,同位語,獨立成分1主語:是句子要說明的人或事物,是句子的主體,一般由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式或動名詞等充當(dāng)。如: The car is running fast名詞 We are students代詞 One of my classmates is from Shanghai數(shù)詞 Eating too much is bad for your health動名詞 【注意】假設(shè)不定式短語作主語常用it作形式主語,而把真正的主語不定式短語放在句后。 It's bad manners to spit in public places不定式
2、2謂語:說明主語的動作或狀態(tài),也是句子的主體部分,一般由動詞充當(dāng)。動詞分為實義動詞、連系動詞、情態(tài)動詞和助動詞。實義動詞單獨作謂語,連系動詞與表語一起構(gòu)成謂語,情態(tài)動詞與省略to的不定式構(gòu)成合成謂語,助動詞與動詞原形共同構(gòu)成謂語部分。如: 【注意】謂語與主語在人稱與數(shù)方面要相互照應(yīng)。 He works in a factory實義動詞 I felt cold系動詞表語 How can I get to the station?情態(tài)動詞實義動詞 They are working in a field助動詞實義動詞 3賓語:是及物動詞所涉及的對象,一般由名詞、代詞、不定式及動名詞等充當(dāng)。如: He
3、 is doing his homework名詞 They did nothing this morning代詞 She wants to go home不定式 We enjoy playing football動名詞 有的動詞可接雙賓語,間接賓語指人,直接賓語指物。這類動詞常見的有:give,buy,lend,pass, tell,leave等。如: He bought me a book Pass me the ball,will you?間賓直賓 直接賓語一般放在間接賓語之后,但假設(shè)把直接賓語放在前面,則要在間接賓語前加適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~如to或 for(make, do, buy)等。如: H
4、e lent some money to John Mr. Liu bought a dictionary for Tom有的動詞常用不定式作賓語,而不能用動名詞。這類動詞有:want,wish, hope,promise,decide,agree, choose,care等。如: I hope to see you again He promised to repair the radio as soon as possible.有的動詞一般只用動名詞作賓語,而不用不定式。這類動詞有:enjoy,finish,mind,practise,miss, suggest,keepon等。如: Do
5、 you mind my opening the window? I enjoy reading in the quiet garden on Sundays.有的動詞后接不定式與動名詞含義不同。 aforget to do表示“未發(fā)生的動作”,forget doing表示“已完成的動作”。如: Don't forget to come here earlier tomorrow還沒來 I forgot returning the book to him書已還給他了 bstop to do不定式為狀語表示“停下原來的事,去做另一件事”,stop doing表示“停止做某事”。如: I
6、stopped to talk with him我停下來與他談話。 The students stopped talking when the teacher came in老師進來時學(xué)生們停止談話。 4定語:用于修飾名詞或代詞,一般由形容詞、名詞、數(shù)詞、不定式,分詞短語等充當(dāng)。What a beautiful kite it is!形容詞 She is a chemistry teacher He runs a clothes shop.名詞 There are two students in the classroom數(shù)詞 We have something to do tomorrow不
7、定式 The man in blue is my brother介詞短語 分詞短語作定語:The old man living next door is very kind to others.The pen made in the US is very expensive.There are five boys waiting over there.【注意】定語一般位于被修飾詞前,但假設(shè)修飾不定代詞或不定式等短語作定語,則放在后面。 5狀語:用于修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或全句,一般由副詞、介詞短語、不定式短語或從句充當(dāng)。單個副詞作狀語一般放在被修飾詞之前,短語或從句放在句首或句末。 A副詞短語
8、作狀語:The boy needs a pen very much.男孩非常需要一支鋼筆。程度狀語The boy needs very much the pen bought by his mother.賓語較長則狀語前置The boy needs a pen now.時間狀語 B. 介詞短語作狀語:In the classroom, he boy needs a pen. 在教室里,男孩需要一支鋼筆。地點狀語Before his mother, Tom is always a boy. 在母親面前,湯姆總是一個男孩子.(條件狀語)On Sundays, there is no student
9、 in the classroom. 星期天,教室里沒有學(xué)生.(時間狀語) C. 分詞短語作狀語:He sits there, asking for a pen. 他坐在那兒要一支筆。表示伴隨狀態(tài)Having to finish his homework, the boy needs a pen. 因為不得不完成作業(yè),男孩需要一支筆。原因狀語Frightened, he sits there soundlessly. 因為受了驚嚇,他無聲地坐在那兒。原因狀語 D. 不定式作狀語:The boy needs a pen to do his homework. 男孩需要一支筆寫家庭作業(yè)。目的狀語T
10、o make his dream come true, Tom becomes very interested in business.E. 名詞作狀語:Come this way! 走這條路!方向狀語 【注意】enough作狀語只能放在被修飾詞之后。如: He is old enough to go to school6補語A. 主語補足語,通常位于主語之前或謂語動詞之后,當(dāng)然放在謂語動詞被動語態(tài)的過去分詞之后, 主語補語位于主語之前,后有逗號 例:Tired and sleepy, I went to bed 有時位于主語之后,前
11、后皆有逗號 例:Chen, only 1.30 meters tall, won the first prize. 位于謂語動詞之后 例:He died young. He was found died.除形容詞外,名詞、數(shù)詞、不定式,分詞,介詞短語,從句也可作主語補足語。例:He came home quite changed,過去分詞短語作主語補足語。含不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞作賓補的句子轉(zhuǎn)換成被動語態(tài)后,原來的賓補即為
12、主補。例如: His father made him do a lot of housework after school. = He was made to do a lot of housework after school by his father. I heard him singing an En
13、glish song in the classroom. = He was heard singing an English song in the classroom. The boy saw the dog tied to the tree. = The dog was seen tied to the&
14、#160;tree by the boy.B.賓語補足語 1 英語中有些及物動詞,除有賓語外,還要有一個賓語補足語才能使句子的意思完整。這類動詞主要包括:make, consider, believe, cause, feel, hear, listen to, see, find, have, let, call等。其句型為:及物動詞+賓語+賓語補足語。 2 名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞、從句可作賓語補足語。例如:
15、We all called him “monkey”.賓補為名詞We believed him honest.賓補為形容詞I saw him out with his father.賓補為副詞 We found everything in the lab in good order.賓補為介詞短語I dont force him to d
16、o anything.賓補為不定式Nobody noticed him enter the room.賓補為不帶to的不定式 I saw him crossing the road by himself.賓補為現(xiàn)在分詞When we arrived there, we saw the work done.賓補為過去分詞 【注意】有的動詞后假設(shè)用不定式作其“賓補”則需要省略to。這類動詞有
17、: make,let,have,see,feel,hear,watch,notice,listen to,look at等。如: I listened to them sing yesterday evening Ling Feng made the baby laugh7表語:用于說明主語的身份、特征或感受,一般由名詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞、分詞等充當(dāng)。常用的連系動詞有:be,look,get,sound聽起來,feel,become, smell,turn,taste嘗起來等。如: They are workers.名詞The story is very interesting.形容 She is
18、 at home介詞短語 Two and three is five數(shù)詞 M y job工作is teaching English動名詞 I feel terrible形容詞 The dish tastes delicious形容詞 8、同位語:同位語是在名詞或代詞之后并列名詞或代詞對前者加以說明的成分,近乎于后置定語。如:We students should study hard. (students是we的同位語,指同一批學(xué)生We all are students. (all是we的同位語,都指同樣的我們 James, the famous writer, visited our scho
19、ol yesterday. The 2008 Olympic Games will be held in the city of Beijing.9獨立成分:有時句子中會有一些與句子沒有語法聯(lián)系的成分,稱為句子獨立成分(注意:區(qū)別于分詞獨立結(jié)構(gòu))。 a. 嘆詞:oh, hello, aha, ah,等,肯定詞yes,否認詞no稱呼語:稱呼人的用語。Buddy, do me a favor please.b.插入語:一些句中插入的to be honest, to be short, to tell you the truth, to be frank等。 To be short, we are
20、faced with very serious problems. Our professor, to be frank, is really a strange old man.1、Lily doesnt like her desk mate because of her bad manners.2、Exploring really deep caves is not a simple task.3、A speech will be given by an outstanding scientist tomorrow afternoon.4、He is forever talking about the friendly people, the clean sir and the gentle pace of living in the countryside.5、There are ten boys sitting in the classr
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