高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法講義詞法

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言知識(shí)運(yùn)用部分講義冠詞不定冠詞定冠詞零冠詞第一次提到的前文已提到或談話雙方都知道的季節(jié)、月份、星期的名詞前表類指（某個(gè)或類人或物）表特指（有后置定語(yǔ)修飾時(shí)）語(yǔ)言、學(xué)科名詞前表身份、職業(yè)、地位、國(guó)籍西洋樂(lè)器前中國(guó)民族樂(lè)器前、表示單位量詞“每”，twice a week / 50km an hour文藝活動(dòng)的名詞前、旅館影院博物館牌棋球體育運(yùn)動(dòng)和游戲前、三餐前*序數(shù)詞前用a表示“又、還、再”a most +adj.+n. 表“非常、極其”序數(shù)詞前 in the sixties 60年代最高級(jí)前 the 1990s, 20世紀(jì)90年代hit him on the

2、headcaught her by the arm在物質(zhì)名詞前使其普通化一種 a strong wind, a beer表自然現(xiàn)象的名詞前（wind, rain）*物質(zhì)名詞表泛指、抽象名詞在抽象名詞前常使其具體化 a great joy, a success中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日前西方節(jié)日前在專有名詞前表示“一個(gè)名叫的人”由普通名詞構(gòu)成的專有名詞前專有名詞前在集體名詞表示把其看成一個(gè)整體山河海群島山脈the Tianshan Mountains國(guó)家地區(qū)組織機(jī)構(gòu)建筑人、地、國(guó)名和詞首為mount的山和大多湖泊Mount Tai在不可數(shù)名詞前表某一方面或部分 a long history, a colleg

3、e education報(bào)紙前the New York Timesthe Peoples Daily?雜志前Time, New Sciencea 與of 連用表“同一的、相同的”of a kind, of a size獨(dú)一無(wú)二的事物、方位詞表示職位時(shí)elect him presidentSo/how/too/as +adj. + a +n.復(fù)數(shù)姓氏前表一家人或夫婦a kind of 或a type of 表種類的結(jié)構(gòu)后Such/quite/what + a + adj. +n.和國(guó)籍連用表這個(gè)國(guó)家的全體人員名詞前有代詞修飾時(shí)all, both, double, half +the +n. （th

4、e的位置） by+the +計(jì)量單位hour,day,pound,year在dawn, daybreak, dusk, sunrise, noon, midday, sunset, midnight等名詞前a an the 在三類名詞前表特指或泛指的用法 用法名詞類別泛指特指表類別表數(shù)目（一個(gè)）表特定的人或物可數(shù)單數(shù)a pena bookthe seat復(fù)數(shù)pensfive booksthe desks不可數(shù)moneya pair of glassesthe milk 用法名詞類別a/an/the可數(shù)單數(shù)a penthe seat復(fù)數(shù)pensthe desks不可數(shù)moneythe milk專

5、有名詞Beijing數(shù)詞（單位使用和倍數(shù)的表達(dá)）數(shù)詞的分類 基數(shù)詞 1-12各自記 13-19以teen結(jié)尾 20-90整數(shù)位以ty結(jié)尾 （forty是40） 多位數(shù)的讀法 hundred, thousand, million, billion, dozen, score的用法 年齡表示法 ten years old a ten-year-old 帶上連字符構(gòu)成一個(gè)形容詞，即使名詞表示復(fù)數(shù)概念也不用復(fù)數(shù)形式。 At the age of ten 年代表示法 in the 1960s in his sixties他六十多歲時(shí) 序數(shù)詞 構(gòu)成 1-3各自記 4-19是序數(shù)詞+th （fifth ei

6、ghth ninth twelfth） 以ty結(jié)尾的整十倍數(shù)變?yōu)閠ieth 21以上只變個(gè)位為序數(shù) 基數(shù)詞表順序置于名詞之后 lesson seven page two 序數(shù)詞表順序置于名詞之前 the seventh lesson the second part 多少世紀(jì)、多少屆會(huì)議或賽事，事實(shí)上在排序，常用序數(shù)詞。 The 30th Olympic Games數(shù)詞和應(yīng)用 小數(shù)、分?jǐn)?shù)、百分?jǐn)?shù) 36%讀作thirty-six percent 數(shù)學(xué)運(yùn)算 plus minus times divided by 3+4=7 three plus four is seven. (makes equal

7、s) 年月日 年的讀法 April 4 April (the) fourth 時(shí)刻表達(dá) 逆讀 前半小時(shí) 分鐘數(shù)+past+剛過(guò)的點(diǎn)鐘數(shù) 后半小時(shí) 分鐘數(shù)+to+下一個(gè)鐘點(diǎn)數(shù) 順讀法 依次讀出點(diǎn)鐘數(shù)和分鐘數(shù) 倍數(shù)表達(dá)法 常用句型 times as +形容詞原級(jí)+as (that of ) times the size/height/length/amount名詞+of times+形容詞比較極+than形容詞和副詞形容詞功能 定語(yǔ) a plastic cup a beautiful girl 表語(yǔ) Im happy. 只能作表語(yǔ)的形容詞 asleep, awake, alone, alive,

8、alike, afraid. ill生病的，well健康的, drunk喝醉的, unable不能的, worth值得的, glad高興的 補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) l like my house warm and comfortable during winter.the + adj. 表示一類人時(shí)一般用作復(fù)數(shù)，表示一類事物時(shí)一般用作單數(shù) The unknown is yet to come.形容詞的位置：一般位于所修飾詞之前：live, elder, former, latter, wooden, golden, front, back, outer, chief, main, one-eyed, thre

9、e-legged等 有時(shí)位于所修飾詞之后：當(dāng)修飾詞是復(fù)合不定代詞 形容詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)時(shí) the student good at cooking 表語(yǔ)形容詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí) man alive enough作副詞修飾形容詞、副詞時(shí) Present在場(chǎng)的, absent缺席的, concerned有關(guān)的, involved涉及到的等作定語(yǔ)時(shí)形容詞的排序 限定詞（冠、指示代詞、物主代詞、所有格、數(shù)）描述型大小形狀新舊長(zhǎng)幼顏色來(lái)源材料用途 縣官行令色國(guó)才（縣官執(zhí)行命令去特色國(guó)家的棟梁人才）以ly結(jié)尾的形容詞：n. + ly friendly lovely可愛(ài)的 weekly orderly有秩序的 brothe

10、rly adj.+ ly lively活潑的 lonely likely可能的 deadly致使的原級(jí)比較的句型 asas, just, about, nearly等詞可放在第一個(gè)as之前，作狀語(yǔ)。 第一個(gè)as為副詞，修飾形容詞或副詞，順序是as + adj./adv.當(dāng)形容詞附帶有名詞時(shí)as + adj. + a + n. 或者是把 a + n. 放前面，改為 a + n.+ as + adj. + as比較級(jí)的構(gòu)成 older 年齡：老的，大的 later 指時(shí)間上較晚的 farther 表示具體含義“較遠(yuǎn)” Elder 排行：年長(zhǎng)的 latter 指順序上后者 further 表示抽象“

11、更進(jìn)一步”比較級(jí)的用法 比較級(jí)或最高級(jí)前可有程度詞修飾 加強(qiáng)型much, far, a lot, a great deal, still, even, by far“遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)”削弱型 little, a little, no, slightly. less + adj./adv. +than 不如后者怎么怎么樣 the least + adj./adv. “最不怎么樣的”倍數(shù)表示法比較級(jí)的句型 which is the larger country, Canada or Australia? I like to choose the less expensive shirt of the two

12、shirts. a +比較級(jí) + 可數(shù)名詞單數(shù) 有時(shí)表示一個(gè)最高級(jí)的含義 如： Mr. Smith owns a larger collection of coin than anyone else I have ever met. More and more the more, the more.比較級(jí)表最高的含義之方法 否定詞+比較級(jí) I have never heard the better one. than anybody else / than any other boy / than the other boys.副詞的分類 方式副詞 carefully, secretly, s

13、eriously angrily, foolishly, beautifully等 修飾及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)常放在賓語(yǔ)之后 see everything clearly。 地點(diǎn)副詞 here, there, above, downstairs, home 地點(diǎn)副詞前一般不用介詞to. 如when I come here, 時(shí)間副詞 before, ago, now, soon, then, late, yesterday等 程度副詞 very, so, completely, well, too, nearly, that（那么）等頻度副詞 always, often, usually, sometim

14、es, never。副詞的位置 位于被修飾詞之前 當(dāng)修飾詞是形容詞或副詞時(shí) is very different 位于被修飾詞之后 當(dāng)修飾詞是動(dòng)詞時(shí)（放其前也可以） （方式和程度副詞）頻度副詞 動(dòng)詞 地點(diǎn)副詞、（時(shí)間副詞） 句子中有助動(dòng)詞（情態(tài)和時(shí)態(tài)）、系動(dòng)詞時(shí)，副詞一般不放在它們前面 I can never understand.副詞的排序 方式+地點(diǎn)+時(shí)間有兩種形式的副詞 deep 深度的（水） 具體的 He dived deep into the water. High wide close Deeply 深深的（情感上） 抽象的 We are deeply moved by the mo

15、vie. Highly widely closely補(bǔ)充：Very(adv.) 常修飾形容詞或副詞，但too例外。Much(adv.) 常修飾動(dòng)詞，且多用于否定和疑問(wèn)句。但有very, too, so修飾much時(shí)，可用于肯定句 可以修飾比較級(jí)或最高級(jí)，介詞短語(yǔ) 可修飾過(guò)去分詞 he was much surprised at the news.（實(shí)際上是修飾表語(yǔ)）Very much 實(shí)際上much的強(qiáng)調(diào)說(shuō)法，可用much的地方應(yīng)該都可以用very much.代詞一、人稱、物主、反身、指示、相互、不定、疑問(wèn)、連接、關(guān)系代詞。二、人稱代詞 用法 做主語(yǔ)用主格，做賓語(yǔ)用賓格。 賓格有時(shí)可以代替主格

16、 在比較狀從中(特別是在代詞后有同位語(yǔ)“all”時(shí) Yao Ming is taller than I (or me).us all. Jim loves you as dearly as I . Jim loves you as dearly as me. 在情景對(duì)話的答語(yǔ)中省略謂語(yǔ)時(shí) Who is on duty today? Me. (=I can) A glass of apple juice for me, please. Me, too.(=I do too) 表示厭煩、驚奇、反問(wèn)等情緒時(shí) What a mess! Maria, come and clean the room up

17、. Why me? Its Toms not mine! 用做表語(yǔ)時(shí)，常用賓格 Who is there? Its me. 三個(gè)人稱同時(shí)出現(xiàn)時(shí)的順序 ，承認(rèn)錯(cuò)誤或責(zé)任時(shí)的順序是I, you and he. 常用she來(lái)代替的一些表物的詞： country, ship, car, nature, moon等It的用法 指代時(shí)是同類同物，也就是那個(gè)東西本身。 在特殊疑問(wèn)句的答語(yǔ)中，常用it 代替this(that). Whats this in English? Its a desk. 可以代替無(wú)法或沒(méi)必要區(qū)分性別人。Whos there? Its me. Who else could it be

18、? (This is me ) 可以代替距離、時(shí)間、季節(jié)、天氣、氣候等自然現(xiàn)象，環(huán)境和情況等。 可以作形式主語(yǔ)代替不定式。It cost me 1000 to buy the painting last week. 代替動(dòng)名詞。Its no use turning to him for help. in later life. 代替主語(yǔ)從句。It has been proved that eating vegetables in childhood helps to protect you against serious illness It is our hope that the two

19、sides will work towards peace. 可以作形式賓語(yǔ) I dont think it possible to master a foreign language without much memory work. 在like, dislike, love, hate, appreciate 后常跟it作形式賓語(yǔ)，不明確表示具體事物，但說(shuō)話人雙方都知道。或引出一個(gè)從句 Do you like it here? Oh, yes. The air, the weather, the way of life. Everything is so nice.I hate it wh

20、en people talk with their mouths full. 構(gòu)成強(qiáng)調(diào)句 It is + 被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分 + that + It was you that I saw last night at the concert.物主代詞 形容詞性物主代詞 定語(yǔ) 名詞性物主代詞 主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ) 在雙重屬格中用于of之后 a good friend of mine反身代詞 enjoy oneself, help oneself, teach oneself, come to oneself, By oneself 單獨(dú)、獨(dú)自 I went home by myself. for onesel

21、f 為自己，自己，親自 well have to judge for ourselves. Of oneself 自動(dòng) Victory will not come of itself. To oneself 獨(dú)享、獨(dú)有 Im leaving for America so youll have this room to yourself.指示代詞 such, such+n. 這樣一個(gè)人或物 Robert had always wanted to include such a man in a story. Such常位于no后，且不用冠詞 As I know, there is no such

22、car in this neighborhood.Suchas 象這樣的，作定語(yǔ)或主語(yǔ) Same 之前須有the, 可以用作定語(yǔ)、主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)。I cant stand working with Jane in the same office.相互代詞 one another The members of the team support one another. Each other不定代詞 some (一些、某個(gè)) any (任何) no(沒(méi)有) every(每個(gè)) All both neither either each many much few little One anothe

23、r the other Ones others the others All/both/each + of + the + n. = all / both / each + (the) + n. 關(guān)于它們的部分否定和全部否定 One, it, that 指代時(shí)用法的區(qū)別 one一般不與a連用，但前面有adj.時(shí)往往用 a new one.None 指人或物，與of連用+名詞（單或復(fù)）。 回答由how many, how much引導(dǎo)的問(wèn)句。Another two years 又兩年， another day 改日 the other day 幾天前 the rest(可表可數(shù)也表不可數(shù))Man

24、y, many more, a number of +可數(shù)Much, much more, a great deal of + 不可數(shù)A lot of , lots of , plenty of + 不可數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù).None but 只有，除了， nothing but 只不過(guò) all but 幾乎 for nothing 免費(fèi)的，徒勞的連詞一、分類 并列 平行 and, not onlybut also, bothand, neithernor 兩對(duì)等關(guān)系是同向的 轉(zhuǎn)折 but, yet, however*, nevertheless*, while, only(可是)。 Notbut 兩對(duì)等

25、關(guān)系是反向的 選擇 or, otherwise*, rather than, or else, eitheror 兩對(duì)等關(guān)系是有所取舍的 因果 for, so, therefore*, hence* 帶*者多用作副詞，起到連接作用。有時(shí)也跟分句，有人把它作為連詞。 從屬 引導(dǎo)名詞性從句 表陳述（用that） 表一般疑問(wèn)（用whether / if） 表特殊疑問(wèn)（即連接代詞或連接副詞） 引導(dǎo)副詞性從句 表時(shí)間when, while, as, since, before, after, once, as soon as, until;表地點(diǎn) where, wherever、結(jié)果that, soth

26、at, suchthat, 目的that、so that, in order that,條件if, unless, supposing that(假如)， provided that(假如)， as long as, on condition that(只要)， 、原因as, since, because, now that, seeing that, in that,讓步whetheror, as, though, even if（though）, no matter how（ what）, however, whatever二、用法說(shuō)明 When和which 引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí)，稱為連接副詞

27、和連接代詞 引導(dǎo)形容詞性從句時(shí)，稱為關(guān)系副詞和關(guān)系代詞，不叫連詞。 連詞that 引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí)沒(méi)有詞義 引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)表示“為了、以至于” If 和 whether 引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，當(dāng)句中有not或做介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)多用whether. I want to know whether you can 引導(dǎo)條件從句時(shí)，表假如，只能用if. 引導(dǎo)讓步從句時(shí)，表不管、無(wú)論，只能用whether. Whether you can see the moon or not, it is always round. When和while 可做從屬連詞，引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)可作并列連詞，意思是“而”When 作連詞時(shí)引導(dǎo)

28、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句 請(qǐng)?zhí)嵝盐宜f(shuō)他什么時(shí)候走，作連接副詞時(shí)引導(dǎo)名詞性從句 Please remind me when he said he was going. I may be in time to see him off. 作關(guān)系副詞時(shí)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句 I shall never forget those days when I took the course with you.作疑問(wèn)副詞時(shí)引出特殊疑問(wèn)句介詞一、介詞的種類: 簡(jiǎn)單介詞二重介詞（由兩個(gè)介詞構(gòu)成） from behind, except in, until after, since before短語(yǔ)介詞(由兩個(gè)或以上的詞構(gòu)成) beca

29、use of, instead of, in front of. 不能做句子成份介詞短語(yǔ)是由介詞+賓語(yǔ)構(gòu)成的，可做定、狀、表、補(bǔ)或插入語(yǔ)。For fear of missing his train in case of fire二、位置 通常置于n.或pro.之前 The book is beyond her. I bought a very nice gift for my little sister. 在介詞+ whom / which / what / whose 等疑問(wèn)句中放在句末，To whom are you talking?= Who are you talking to? 在關(guān)

30、系從句中，位于 whom / which 之前的可移到句尾，且省略關(guān)系代詞。如： Do you know the man (whom) he is speaking to? This is the girl (whom) I live together with.三、介詞類別 表時(shí)間 during, for與since for + 一段時(shí)間，可表延續(xù)性動(dòng)作 since 2010. Since+ 表起點(diǎn)的時(shí)間，完成式， I have studied English since five years ago. Over 可表示在期間 I was busy over the weekend. 可表示

31、一面一面，即兩個(gè)動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行。 he sang over his work. In與 after after + 時(shí)間點(diǎn)（two oclock） 多與現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)連用， After + 時(shí)間段 （two hours）多與過(guò)去式連用 after two hours, the bus finally came. He went to Beijing in January and he came back after two months. He went to Beijing in January and he will come back in two months. At, on, in與by

32、at 7:00 at the weekend at the time he knocked at the door At no time 決不 on time 準(zhǔn)時(shí) on Christmas 在圣誕節(jié) In to time 立即，馬上 in time 及時(shí) at Christmas 在圣誕期間 By + 某一時(shí)刻或日期 常用于將來(lái)完成式。 In 可以用來(lái)回答how soon的提問(wèn) To, till, until 表直到才，如果前面沒(méi)有from, 只能用till 或until. Till / until 經(jīng)常和否定動(dòng)詞連用，強(qiáng)調(diào)某事很晚很遲。 表地點(diǎn) at表示的是個(gè)“點(diǎn)” 在門(mén)牌號(hào)前必用at O

33、n 表示的是個(gè)“面” In 表示的是個(gè)“體” ，相當(dāng)于inside. In the city, 方位詞 東南西北 用in 指在內(nèi)部 Beijing is in the north of china. 用to 指在外部 Japan is to the east of china. 用on表接壤 The Pacific is on the east of china. 表位置 across, through, 表空間 on / beneath 表與表面接觸 The ground was very soft beneath my feet. Over / under 表垂直上下，不接觸 put the t