語法：情、虛、非謂語動詞

1、第十三講情態(tài)動詞和虛擬語氣?？键c近兩年考查情態(tài)動詞和虛擬語氣的頻率呈上升趨勢。從整體上把握情態(tài)動詞的語法特征和語義特征，能夠準確理解不同情態(tài)動詞的細微差異，認真區(qū)別具有相同功能、意思相近的情態(tài)動詞的用法，在真實的交際情景中印證和領悟情態(tài)動詞的用法和特征?？键c一、情態(tài)動詞所表示的多種含義 1. can和could的用法表示能力。如：I can run fast.表示客觀可能性。如：An experienced driver can have an accident at times.表示請求和允許。用could 語氣更委婉。如：Can/Could I go now?Yes，you can.表示猜

2、測、驚異、懷疑、不相信的態(tài)度(主要用于否定句、疑問句或驚嘆句中)。如：Can this be true? How can you be so careless! This cannot be done by him.2. may和might的用法表示許可。如：You may drive the car.May/Might I use your pen? No，you mustn't.用于祈使句中表示祝愿。如：May you succeed!表示推測、可能(疑問句不能用于此意)。表推測的might并不是指過去時間，而表示比may把握性略小些。如：He may be very busy n

3、ow.用于表示目的或讓步狀語從句中。如：No matter what difficulties you may come across，you shouldn't give up.3. will和would的用法用于各種人稱，表示“意志”“意愿”“決心”等。如：I told her to stop crying，but she just would not listen.用于第二人稱的疑問句，表示說話人向?qū)Ψ教岢稣埱蟆Ｓ脀ould比用will語氣更客氣。如：Will/Would you please keep the door open?表示真理或習慣，意為“慣于，總是”。 如：She

4、 will listen to music alone in her room for hours.He would get up early when he lived in the country.4. should的用法表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼呢熑位蛄x務，意為“應該，應當”，這時它可以和 ought to，be supposed to 互換使用。如：You should(are supposed to ) complete your test in time.表示有較大可能實現(xiàn)的猜測、推論，通常意為“可能；總該吧”，相當于 be expected to。如：They should be home

5、 by now，I think.用于第一人稱時可以表示說話人的一種謙遜、客氣、委婉的語氣。如：I should think it would be better to try it again. 用在條件狀語從句中，表示語氣較強的假設，意為“萬一”，這時也可將should置于從句之首，即將should放在主語前面，而省略從屬連詞if，主句謂語卻不一定用虛擬語氣。如：Should I (If I should) be free tomorrow I will come.用來表示意外、驚喜或者在說話人看來是不可思議的。尤其在以 why，who，how 等開頭的修辭疑問句或某些感嘆句中常常意為“竟會

6、，居然”。如：A gentleman like him should be rude to a lady!用于虛擬語氣句中(略)。5. ought to的用法表示應該、推測，相當于should。 如：You ought to take care of him.6. shall的用法用于第二、三人稱，表示說話人的意愿，有“命令”“警告，威脅，強制”“法令條文規(guī)則”和“允諾”等意思。 如：You shall have the book when I finish reading.(表允諾)在疑問句中，shall用于征求對方的意見或請求指示，常用于第一、第三人稱。如：Shall we go out

7、for a walk?Where shall he wait for us?7. must的用法表示義務、意圖或建議，意為“必須，應該，禁止(用于否定句中)”。 如：You must go and see that filmyou'd really enjoy it.表示推測，意為“必定，一定”。注must表示推測時的否定式是can't或couldn't(不可能)。表示主張，意為“硬要，一定要”。如：If you must go，at least wait till the rain stops.表示與說話人愿望相反，意為“偏要”。如：The machine must

8、break down at this busy hour. 8. need和dare的用法need 作“必要”講時，既可作情態(tài)動詞，也可作實義動詞。作實義動詞時后面的動詞不定式要帶to，其變化與一般動詞相同。作情態(tài)動詞時，僅用于否定句或疑問句中。 dare作為情態(tài)動詞時，僅用在疑問句、否定句和條件從句中。dare若作實義動詞，后面可接帶to的不定式，此時to也可以省略。dare與need的用法相似。如：He dares to go there alone.He needs to go there alone.She doesn't dare (to) ask her father.Sh

9、e doesn't need to ask her father.He daren't speak English before such a crowd，dare he?9. used to的用法used to表示過去的習慣動作或狀態(tài)，現(xiàn)在已不存在，在間接引語中，其形式可不變。在疑問句、否定句、否定疑問句或強調(diào)句中，可有兩種形式。疑問句·Did you use to go to the same school as your brother?·Used you to go to the same school as your brother？否定句

10、3;I usedn't to go there.·I didn't use to go there.否定疑問句·Usen't you to be interested in the theatre?·Didn't you use to be interested in the theatre？其反意疑問句或簡略回答中，也有兩種形式：She used to be very fat，didn't she？(正式)/use(d)n't she? (口語)Used you to get up early in the mor

11、ning? Yes，I did(正式)/Yes，I used to.(口語)10. would rather (not) do寧愿(不)做11. had better (not) do最好(不)做基礎再練I _ often go fishing when I lived in the countryside. A. should B. would C. could D. mightI've decided to take the job and I _ change my mind. A. mustn't B. can't C. won't D. may not

12、“Whatever you want，you _ have it on condition that you get the best result，” said the boss. A. would B. ought to C. shall D. couldWhy _ you stay in the countryside，where it's not convenient to go shopping? But I've found it rather valuable for my health. A. can B. must C. may D. shallI promi

13、se her daughter _ get a nice present on her birthday. Will it be a big surprise to her? A. should B. must C. would D. shallShe just couldn't believe that her husband，to whom she had been loyal for so many years，_ desert her after he became rich. A. might B. should C. shall D. mustA Mr. Smith is

14、waiting outside for the appointment with you. _ he come in?Yes，please let him in. A. Shall B. May C. Will D. NeedHe is always on time for work. How _ it be that he was late yesterday? A. can B. might C. may D. mustLucy doesn't mind lending you her dictionary.She _. I've already borrowed one.

15、 A. can't B. mustn't C. needn't D. shouldn't考點二、表示“推測”的情態(tài)動詞 肯定句中用must，may，might，could，當表示理論上的可能性時也可用can；否定句中用can，may，might，could；疑問句中用can，could?；A再練：用適當?shù)那閼B(tài)動詞填空_ he be a policeman?He _ be a policeman，but I am not sure.He _ be a policeman，for he is so short.He _ be a policeman，for he i

16、s strong and brave.考點三、情態(tài)動詞的完成式 must have done表示一定做了某事，只用于肯定句中。如：He must have been a brave boy ten years ago.can/could have done用于否定句和疑問句中表示推測。could have done用于肯定句中表示本可以做而事實上未做到，含有委婉批評或遺憾之意。如：I could have come on time，but my car broke on the way.may/might have done 表示可能做了某事，用于肯定句和否定句(意為“可能不”)中。might

17、 have done也可以表示本可以做而事實上未做到，含有委婉批評或遺憾之意。如：She might have done better than that.should (not) have doneought (not) to have done表示本應該做但沒做或本不應該做但做了，含有責備或悔意。如：I oughtn't to have scolded her for such a small thing.A. 表示“(估計)應該已經(jīng)”“大概已經(jīng)”，即對過去情況的推測。如：They left at nine，so they should have arrived(probably

18、have arrived) home by now.B. 表示“竟然已經(jīng)”“居然已經(jīng)”，即表示說話人對已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)的事態(tài)感到驚奇、驚喜、懷疑。如：I'm surprised that he should have been so foolish. needn't have done 表示本沒必要做某事而實際上做了；didn't need to do 表示本沒必要做而實際上也未做。如：You needn't have walked so quickly since time was enough.would have done用在虛擬語氣句中，表示與過去事實相反。如：

19、If he had told me the truth，I would have gone there.would like/love to have done表示本打算做某事而實際上未做。如：I would like to have read the article，but I was very busy then.had better have done表示本來最好做某事而實際上未做。如：You had better have come earlier，but you didn't.would rather have done 表示當時寧愿做了或沒做。如：I would rathe

20、r have refused his offer.基礎再練：用適當?shù)那閼B(tài)動詞填空I was really anxious about you. You _ not have left without a word.He hesitated for a moment before kicking the ball，otherwise he _have scored a goal.You _ not have seen him in the street yesterday，for he has been to Japan.考點四、一般疑問句中幾個情態(tài)動詞的提問和回答 情態(tài)動詞的回答要根據(jù)具體的句

21、意來判斷?；A再練：完成下列句子Need I go there now? Yes，you_ 或 No，you _Must I do my homework? Yes，you_或 No，you_May/Might I use your bike?Yes，you _Yes，you_Yes，please.Sure/Certainly.No，you _Can/Could you help me carry the bag? Yes，I _Will/Would you come to party tonight？ Yes，I_Sorry，but I_Shall I tell him about it?

22、No，you _. I told him just now.考點五、與情態(tài)動詞有關的固定短語 may/might well do很可能做 may/might (just) as well do不妨做cannot/can never.toocannot/can never.enough越越好would rather do和had better doA pencil will do (for sth.)A pencil will be suitable (for sth.)The car won't start.The car can't be started.基礎再練I real

23、ly _ thank you enough. It's been an amazing day. A. needn't B. shouldn't C. mustn't D. cannotThese are excellent photographs and we _well use them in our magazine. A. can B. could C. must D. may 考點六、must和have to must表示的是說話人的主觀看法，而have to則往往強調(diào)客觀需要；must一般只表示現(xiàn)在時，have to則有更多的時態(tài)形式?；A再練：用m

24、ust和have to的適當形式填空I _ go now for I have got a meeting 15 minutes later.Jenny _tidy up the room before her mother came back.考點七、can，could和be able to的區(qū)別 can用于現(xiàn)在時，could只用于過去時，be able to可用于各種時態(tài)；表示過去經(jīng)過努力而做成某事要用was/were able to，而不用could。基礎再練：用can，could和be able to的適當形式填空Although the fire was big，everyone_

25、escape.Only in this way will you _ finish the work in time. 考點八、will，would，used to will，would和used to均表示“習慣”。will表示不受時間限制的習慣性動作；would表示過去習慣性的動作，但不涉及與現(xiàn)在情況的對比，后不能跟狀態(tài)動詞；used to表示過去習慣的動作或狀態(tài)，但這種習慣現(xiàn)在已不存在了?；A再練：用will，would和used to填空He _ be late for school，but now he is seldom late.She _ sit for hours witho

26、ut saying anything.He _ walk by the river in the morning after he got up.考點九、虛擬語氣在狀語從句中的用法 虛擬條件句主句與現(xiàn)在事實相反的假設過去時would/could/might do與過去事實相反的假設過去完成時would/could/might have done與將來事實相反的假設過去時/should do/were towould/could/might do錯綜時間條件句(動詞的形式要根據(jù)它所表示的時間作出相應的調(diào)整)。if省略句(在條件句中可省略if，把were，had，should提到句首，變?yōu)榈寡b句)

27、。用介詞或介詞短語代替條件狀語從句。常用的有with，without，but for。含蓄條件句。用otherwise或but來體現(xiàn)虛擬語氣。基礎再練：用所給詞的適當形式填空If you _(go) to bed earlier last night，you _(not be) sleepy now.If you_(not attend) the meeting yesterday，you_(not meet) him.I _(be) ill yesterday. Otherwise，I _(go) there.I _(give) you more help，but I was too bus

28、y.But for the rain last Sunday，we _(have) a picnic. 考點十、as if/as though的用法 as if/as though引導的從句表示的情況可能會發(fā)生用陳述語氣，表示的情況不可能發(fā)生則用虛擬語氣?；A再練：用所給詞的適當形式填空：It looks as if it _(rain)He speaks Chinese so fluently as if he _(be) a Chinese.They talked as if they _(be) friends for many years.考點十一、If only.！句型的使用 If

29、only句子How I wishthat從句，句中用虛擬語氣?；A再練：用所給詞的適當形式填空If only I _(be) a flying bird!If only I _(go) home tomorrow!Look at the terrible situation I am in！If only I _(follow) your advice.考點十二、虛擬語氣在名詞性從句和固定句型中的使用 表示建議、愿望、命令等詞的名詞性從句中，常見的詞有demand，order，require，requirement，insist，suggest，suggestion，propose，propo

30、sal，advise，advice，recommend，desire，request，urge等，從句虛擬語氣結(jié)構(gòu)為 “should動詞原形”，should可以省略。It is desired/suggested/proposed/necessary/important/strange/natural/essential/.that從句，從句中的謂語用“should動詞原形”，should可以省略。wish (that) sb. did(表現(xiàn)在)/had_done(表過去)/would_do(表將來)(三種虛擬形式)would rather (that) sb. did(表現(xiàn)在和將來)/had

31、_done(表過去)(兩種虛擬形式)It's (about/high) time that sb. did sth./sb. should do sth.基礎再練：用所給詞的適當形式填空His face suggested he _(be) ill and we suggested that he _(send) to hospital.He insisted he _(be) right and that he _(set) free.It is necessary that he _(send) to Miami.I would rather he _(come) tomorrow

32、.It's time that we _(take) measures.I wish I _(see) the film yesterday.考點十三、名詞性從句在虛擬語氣中的時態(tài) 如果狀語從句是虛擬語氣，從句或主句中的名詞性從句則根據(jù)具體語境確定時態(tài)?；A再練：用所給詞的適當形式填空If it were not the fact that she _(can)not sing，I would invite her to the party tonight.If you came to our school，you would find that a library _(build)

33、now.經(jīng)典引導1. It was sad to me that they, so poor themselves, _ bring me food. A. might B. would C. should D. could2. _ I have a word with you? It won't take long. A. Can B. Must C. Shall D. Should3. _ no modern telecommunications, we would have to wait for weeks to get news from around the world.

34、A. Were there B. Had there been C. If there are D. If there have been4. People are recycling many things which they _ away in the past. A. had thrown B. will be throwing C. were throwing D. would have thrown5. We would rather our daughter _ at home with us, but it is her choice, and she is not a chi

35、ld any longer. A. would stay B. has stayed C. stayed D. stay6. I should not have laughed if I _ you were serious. A. thought B. would think C. had thought D. have thought7. Harry is feeling uncomfortable. He _ too much at the party last night. A. could drink B. should drink C. would have drunk D. mu

36、st have drunk8. The door _ open，no matter how hard she pushed. A. shouldn't B. couldn't C. wouldn't D. mightn't9. Happy birthday! Thank you! It's the best present I _ for. A. should have wished B. must have wished C. may have wished D. could have wished10. _ you interrupt now？Can

37、't you see I'm on the phone? Sorry sir，but it's urgent. A. Can B. Should C. Must D. Would鞏固提升1. You can't imagine that a wellbehaved gentleman _ be so rude to the old. A. might B. need C. should D. would2. Peter _ be really difficult at times even though he's a nice person in gen

38、eral. A. shall B. should C. can D. must3. _ it be Li Ping who broke the glass? No. It _ be Wang Hai who did it. A. Could；may B. Can；can C. May；must D. Can；must4. When the old man was alive，he _ sit for hours at the door. A. would B. could C. must D. might5. He _ have been sent to hospital immediatel

39、y. So he_，but all efforts made no difference. A. should；was B. must；did C. ought to；had D. can；has6. He denied _ stolen these watches and insisted that he _ set free at once. A. having；be B. to have；be C. having；was D. to have；was7. Would you have told him the answer had it been possible? I would ha

40、ve，but I _ so busy then. A. had been B. were C. was D. would be8. Madonna _ a straightA student，but it was dancing that she was really crazy about. A. must be B. could be C. must have been D. could have been9. He _ have completed his work，otherwise he wouldn't be enjoying himself by the seaside.

41、 A. should B. must C. wouldn't D. can't10. I was on the highway when his car went past followed by a police car. They _ at least 150 kilometres an hour. A. should have been doing B. must have been doing C. could have done D. would have done11. There_ be any difficulty in passing the road tes

42、t since you have practised a lot in the driving school. A. mustn't B. shan't C. shouldn't D. needn't12. Helen _ go on the trip with us，but she isn't quite sure yet. A. shall B. must C. may D. can13. Who is the girl standing over there? Well，if you _ know，her name is Mabel. A. may

43、 B. can C. must D. shall14. “The interest _ be divided into five parts，according to the agreement made by both sides，” declared the judge. A. may B. should C. must D. shall15. It's hard to believe that Jack _ have fought with the policeman.Yes. If one _ ask for trouble，it can't be helped. A.

44、 would；will B. must；may C. should；must D. need；dare16. Why didn't Tom give you one of his paintings?I didn't want one，but he would have given me one if I _ A. did B. would C. will D. had17. Shall I go and buy more food and drink for the party?No，we have prepared a fridge of those. That _ be

45、quite enough. A. can B. may C. might D. ought to18. I _ up early this morning，so I stayed in bed until 8 o'clock am. A. needn't have got B. didn't need to get C. shouldn't have got D. can't have got19. He _ an action movie on TV when I called him，for I could hear the sound of fig

46、hting over the phone. A. must be watching B. must have been watching C. must have watched D. must watch20. Has Mr.Tom White arrived?Yes，already. _ he wait outside or just come in? A. Shall B. May C. Could D. Must21. She _ into the thick forest alone on such a dark night. A. dares not go B. dares not

47、 to go C. dare not to go D. doesn't dare go22. Why didn't the manager join us in hiking yesterday?I'm not sure. He _ too busy to get away. A. might be B. must be C. might have been D. must have been23. I met a girl yesterday who can express herself freely in both English and French. She

48、_ a gift for languages. A. must have had B. must have C. should have had D. should have 24. I'm going to Europe on vacation together with John if I _ find the money. A. can B. might C. would D. need25. Shall I tell her to come to see you?No，you _She's already been sent for. A. needn't B.

49、 shouldn't C. mustn't D. wouldn't26. She _ well refuse to speak to you，because she is in a very bad mood. A. will B. may C. must D. can27. I tried to explain the problem to Mary, but she was so angry that she _ listen. A. couldn't B. shouldn't C. wouldn't D. might not28. I le

50、ft my handbag on the train, but luckily someone gave it to a railway official.How unbelievable to get it back! I mean, someone _ it. A. will have stolen B. might have stolen C. should have stolen D. must have stolen29. You needn't take an umbrella. It isn't going to rain.Well, I don't kn

51、ow. It _ do. A. might B. need C. would D. should30. If he had spent more time practising speaking English before, he _ able to speak it much better now. A. will be B. would be C. has been D. would have been 第十四講非謂語動詞?？键c非謂語動詞主要包括不定式、動名詞和分詞。非謂語動詞一直是高考中的熱點。解答非謂語動詞的題目時，一定要解析句子結(jié)構(gòu)，確定所設空是謂語動詞還是非謂語動詞，以及非謂語動

52、詞在句子中充當?shù)墓δ?如狀語、定語或賓補)；找準相關動詞的邏輯主語，確定該動詞與邏輯主語是什么關系(主動還是被動)；搜索句子中相關的時間信息，確定非謂語動詞的恰當形式。非謂語功能形式動名詞具有名詞功能，常在句中作主語，賓語主動式doing被動式being done完成式having done/having been done現(xiàn)在分詞表主動和正在進行， 常在句中作定語， 狀語，賓補一般式doing完成式having done 過去分詞表被動和已完成，常在句中作定語，狀語，補語一般式done進行式being done 完成式having been done動詞不定式表將來具體某一次，常在句中作主語

53、，定語，狀語，補語，賓語等一般式to do/to be done進行式to be doing完成式to have done/to have been done考點一、動名詞和不定式作主語 如果表語是不定式，主語也是不定式；表語是動名詞，主語也是動名詞。如：To see is to believe.Seeing is believing.動名詞作主語的句型。如：It is no use/no good/useless doing sth.It is a waste of time doing(也可用It is a waste of time to do)動詞不定式和動名詞的復合結(jié)構(gòu)：動詞不定式的復合結(jié)構(gòu)有兩種：It is difficult/easy/possible/necessary/.for sb. to do sth.和It is kind/wise/foolish/considerate/.of sb. to do。動名詞的復合結(jié)構(gòu)是由名詞所有格或“物主代詞動名詞”構(gòu)成。在口語和非正式語體中，只要不是作主語，動名詞復合結(jié)構(gòu)中的邏輯主語常采用名詞通格或人稱代詞賓格。如：His coming mad