注會專業(yè)英語輔導講義

1、· 123考試論壇，注會考試資料、試題免費下載· ·· 三、會計英語講解會計報表中英文對照1 / 21Accounting1. Financial reporting（財務報告） includes not only financial statements but also other means of communicating information that relates, directly or indirectly, to the information provided by a business enterprises accountin

2、g system-that is, information about an enterprises resources, obligations, earnings, etc.2. Objectives of financial reporting: 財務報告的目標Financial reporting should:(1) Provide information that helps in making investment and credit decisions.(2) Provide information that enables assessing future cash flo

3、ws.(3) Provide information that enables users to learn about economic resources, claims against those resources, and changes in them.3. Basic accounting assumptions 基本會計假設(1) Economic entity assumption 會計主體假設This assumption simply says that the business and the owner of the business are two separate

4、 legal and economic entities. Each entity should account and report its own financial activities.(2) Going concern assumption 持續(xù)經(jīng)營假設This assumption states that the enterprise will continue in operation long enough to carry out its existing objectives.This assumption enables accountants to make estim

5、ates about asset lives and how transactions might be amortized over time.This assumption enables an accountant to use accrual accounting which records accrual and deferral entries as of each balance sheet date.(3) Time period assumption 會計分期假設This assumption assumes that the economic life of a busin

6、ess can be divided into artificial time periods.The most typical time segment = Calendar YearNext most typical time segment = Fiscal Year(4) Monetary unit assumption 貨幣計量假設This assumption states that only transaction data that can be expressed in terms of money be included in the accounting records,

7、 and the unit of measure remains relatively constant over time in terms of purchasing power.In essence, this assumption disregards the effects of inflation or deflation in the economy in which the entity operates.This assumption provides support for the "Historical Cost" principle.4. Accru

8、al-basis accounting 權(quán)責發(fā)生制會計5. Qualitative characteristics 會計信息質(zhì)量特征(1) Reliability 可靠性For accounting information to be reliable, it must be dependable and trustworthy.Accounting information is reliable to the extend that it is:Verifiable: means that information has been objectively determined, arrive

9、d at, or created. More than one person could consider the facts of a situation and reach a similar conclusion.Representationally faithful: that something is what it is represented to be. For example, if a machine is listed as a fixed asset on the balance sheet, then the company can prove that the ma

10、chine exists, is owned by the company, is in working condition, and is currently being used to support the revenue generating activities of the company.Neutral: means that information is presented in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and practices, and without bias.(2) Relevan

11、ce 相關(guān)性Relevant information is capable of making a difference in the decisions of users by helping them to evaluate the potential effects of past, present, or future transactions or other events on future cash flows (predictive value) or to confirm or correct their previous evaluations (confirmatory

12、value).(3) Understandability 可理解性Understandability is the quality of information that enables users who have a reasonable knowledge of business and economic activities and financial reporting, and who study the information with reasonable diligence, to comprehend its meaning.(4) Comparability 可比性Com

13、parability: suggests that accounting information that has been measured and reported in a similar manner by different enterprises should be capable of being compared because each of the enterprises is applying the same generally accepted accounting principles and practices.Consistency: suggests that

14、 an entity has used the same accounting principle or practice from one period to another, therefore, if the dollar amount reported for a category is different from one period to the next, then chances are that the difference is due to a change like an increase or decrease in sales volume rather than

15、 being due to a change in the method of calculating the dollar amount.(5) Substance over form 實質(zhì)重于形式Substance over form emphasizes the economic substance of an event even though its legal form may provide a different result.It requires that business enterprise should perform accounting recognition,

16、measurement and reporting in accordance with the economic substance rather than the legal form of an event or transaction.(6) Materiality 重要性Information is material if its omission or misstatement could influence the resource allocation decisions that users make on the basis of an entitys financial

17、report. Materiality depends on the nature and amount of the item judged in the particular circumstances of its omission or misstatement. Deciding when an amount is material in relation to other amounts is a matter of judgment and professional expertise.(7) Conservatism 謹慎性Conservatism dictates that

18、when in doubt, choose the method that will be least likely to overstate assets and income, and understate liabilities and expenses.(8) Timeliness 及時性Timeliness means having information available to decision makers before it loses its capacity to influence decisions. If information becomes available

19、only after the time that a decision must be made, it has no capacity to influence that decision and thus lacks relevance.6. Basic accounting elements 基本會計要素(1) Asset 資產(chǎn)An asset is a resource that is owned or controlled by an enterprise as a result of past transactions or events and is expected to ge

20、nerate economic benefits to the enterprise.(2) Liability 負債A liability is a present obligation arising from past transactions or events which are expected to give rise to an outflow of economic benefits from the enterprise.A present obligation is a duty committed by the enterprise under current circ

21、umstances. Obligations that will result from the occurrence of future transactions or events are not present obligations and shall not be recognized as liabilities.(3) owners equity 所有者權(quán)益Owners equity is the residual interest in the assets of an enterprise after deducting all its liabilities.Owners

22、equity of a company is also known as shareholders equity.(4) Revenue 收入Revenue is the gross inflow of economic benefits derived from the course of ordinary activities that result in increases in equity, other than those relating to contributions from owners.(5) Expense 費用Expenses are the gross outfl

23、ow of economic benefits resulted from the course of ordinary activities that result in decreases in owners equity, other than those relating to appropriations of profits to owners.(6) Profit 利潤Profit is the operating result of an enterprise over a specific accounting period. Profit includes the net

24、amount of revenue after deducting expenses, gains and losses directly recognized in profit of the current period, etc.7. Five measurement attributes 會計計量屬性(1) Historical cost 歷史成本Assets are recorded at the amount of cash or cash equivalents paid or the fair value of the consideration given to acquir

25、e them at the time of their acquisition. Liabilities are recorded at the amount of proceeds or assets received in exchange for the present obligation, or the amount payable under contract for assuming the present obligation, or at the amount of cash or cash equivalents expected to be paid to satisfy

26、 the liability in the normal course of business.(2) Current replacement cost 現(xiàn)時重置成本Assets are carried at the amount of cash or cash equivalents that would have to be paid if a same or similar asset was acquired currently. Liabilities are carried at the amount of cash or cash equivalents that would b

27、e currently required to settle the obligation.(3) Net realizable value 可實現(xiàn)凈值A(chǔ)ssets are carried at the amount of cash or cash equivalents that could be obtained by selling the asset in the ordinary course of business, less the estimated costs of completion, the estimated selling costs and related tax

28、 payments.(4) Present value 現(xiàn)值A(chǔ)ssets are carried at the present discounted value of the future net cash inflows that the item is expected to generate from its continuing use and ultimate disposal. Liabilities are carried at the present discounted value of the future net cash outflows that are expect

29、ed to be required to settle the liabilities within the expected settlement period.(5) Fair value 公允價值A(chǔ)ssets and liabilities are carried at the amount for which an asset could be exchanged, or a liability settled, between knowledgeable, willing parties in an arms length transaction.8. Financial state

30、ments 財務報表(1) Balance sheet 資產(chǎn)負債表A balance sheet is an accounting statement that reflects the financial position of an enterprise at a specific date.(2) Income statement 損益表An income statement is an accounting statement that reflects the operating results of an enterprise for a certain accounting pe

31、riod.(3) Statement of cash flows 現(xiàn)金流量表A cash flow statement is an accounting statement that reflects the inflows and outflows of cash and cash equivalents of an enterprise for a certain accounting period.(4) Statement of changes in ownersequity 所有者權(quán)益變動表A statement of changes in owners equity reports

32、 the changes in owners equity for a specific period of time.(5) Notes to financial statements 財務報表附注Notes to the accounting statements are further explanations of items presented in the accounting statements, and explanations of items not presented in the accounting statements, etc.9. Accounting ent

33、ry 會計分錄Debit: CashCredit: Common Stock10. Basic accounting equation 基本會計等式Assets = Liabilities + owners equity11. List of present and potential users of financial information 財務信息的使用者investors, creditors, employees, suppliers, customers, and governmental agencies.· 四、審計英語講解Auditing1. Assurance

34、engagements and external auditMateriality, true and fair presentation, reasonable assuranceMateriality is the magnitude of an omission or misstatement of accounting information that, in the light of surrounding circumstances, makes it probable that the judgment of a reasonable person relying on the

35、information would have been changed or influenced by the omission or misstatement. An auditor must consider materiality both in (1) planning the audit and designing audit procedures and (2) evaluating audit results.Appointment, removal and resignation of auditorsTypes of opinion: standard unqualifie

36、d opinion, Unqualified with additional explanatory language, qualified opinion, adverse opinion, disclaimer of opinionProfessional ethics: independence, objectivity, integrity, professional competence, due care, confidentiality, professional behaviorEngagement letter2. Planning and risk assessmentGe

37、neral principlesPlan and perform audits with an attitude of professional skepticismAudit risks = inherent risk × control risk × detection risk(1) Inherent risk refers to the likelihood of material misstatement of an assertion, assuming no related internal control. This risk differs by acco

38、unt and assertion.(2) Control risk is the likelihood that a material misstatement will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis by internal control. This risk is assessed using the results of tests of control.(3) Detection risk is the likelihood that an auditors procedures lead to an improper

39、conclusion that no material misstatement exists in an assertion when in fact such a misstatement does exist. The auditors substantive tests are primarily relied upon to restrict detection risk.Risk-based approachUnderstanding the entity and knowledge of the businessThe CPA should obtain a level of k

40、nowledge of the clients business that will enable effective planning and performance of the audit in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards. This knowledge helps the auditor in(1) Identifying areas that may need special consideration(2) Assessing conditions under which accounting data

41、 are produced, processed, reviewed and accumulated(3) Evaluating accounting estimates for reasonableness (e.g., valuation of inventories, depreciation, allowance for doubtful accounts, percentage of completion of long-term contracts)(4) Evaluating the reasonableness of management representations(5)

42、Making judgments about the appropriateness of the accounting principles applied and the adequacy of disclosuresAssessing the risks of material misstatement and fraudMateriality (level), tolerable errorAnalytical proceduresAnalytical procedures are normally used at three stages of the audit: (1) plan

43、ning, (2) substantive testing, and (3) overall review at the conclusion of an audit. They are required during the planning and overall review stages.Analytical procedures used for 3 purposes:(1) Planning nature, timing, and extent of other auditing procedures(2) Substantive tests about particular as

44、sertions(3) Overall review in the final stage of auditPlanning an auditAudit documentation: working papersThe work of othersRely on the work of expertsRely on the work of internal audit3. Internal controlInternal control is a process effected by an entitys board of directors, management, and other p

45、ersonneldesigned to provide reasonable assurance regarding the achievement of objectives in the following categories: (1) reliability of financial reporting, (2) effectiveness and efficiency of operations, and (3) compliance with applicable laws and regulations.Five components of internal control(1)

46、 control environment(2) risk assessment(3) control activities(4) information and communication(5) monitoringThe evaluation of internal control systemsTests of controlSubstantive procedures (time, nature, extent)Transaction cycles: revenue, purchases, inventory, etc.4. Audit evidenceObtain sufficient

47、, appropriate audit evidenceAssertions contained in the financial statements: completeness, occurrence, existence, measurement, presentation and disclosure, rights and obligations, valuationThe audit of specific itemsReceivables: confirmationInventory: counting, cut-off, confirmation of inventory he

48、ld by third partiesPayables: supplier statement reconciliation, confirmationBank and cash: bank confirmationAuditing sampling5. ReviewSubsequent eventsGoing concernManagement representationsAudit finalization and the final review: unadjusted differences6. Reporting審計1.鑒證業(yè)務和外部審計重要性，真實、公允反映，合理保證注冊會計師的

49、聘用，解聘和辭職審計意見類型：標準無保留意見，帶解釋段的無保留意見，保留意見，否定意見，無法表示意見職業(yè)道德：獨立、客觀和公正，專業(yè)勝任能力，應有的關(guān)注，保密性，職業(yè)行為審計業(yè)務約定書2.審計計劃和風險評估一般原則計劃和執(zhí)行審計業(yè)務應保持應有的職業(yè)懷疑態(tài)度審計風險=固有風險×控制風險×檢查風險風險導向型審計了解被審單位估計重大錯報或舞弊的風險重要性水平，可容忍誤差分析性復核程序制定審計計劃審計記錄：工作底稿利用其他人的工作利用專家工作利用內(nèi)部審計人員的工作3.內(nèi)部控制內(nèi)部控制系統(tǒng)評價控制測試實質(zhì)性程序（時間，性質(zhì)，范圍）交易循環(huán)：收入循環(huán)、采購循環(huán)、存貨循環(huán)，等等。4.審計

50、證據(jù)獲取充分、適當?shù)膶徲嬜C據(jù)財務報表所包含的認定：完整性，發(fā)生，存在，計價，表達和披露，權(quán)利和義務, 估價具體項目的審計應收賬款：函證存貨：盤點，截止測試，對第三方持有存貨進行函證應付賬款：供應商對帳，函證貨幣資金：銀行函證審計抽樣5.復核期后事項持續(xù)經(jīng)營管理層聲明終結(jié)審計和最后復核：未調(diào)整差異6.審計報告Examples for audit report(1) Standard unqualified reportIndependent Auditors ReportTo: Board of Directors and Stockholders    ABC C

51、ompany   We have audited the accompanying balance sheet of ABC Co., Ltd. (“ the Company”) as of December 31, 2006, and the related statements of income and cash flows for the year then ended. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Companys management. Our responsibility i

52、s to express an audit opinion on these financial statements based on our audits.    We conducted our audits in accordance with the Independent Auditing Standards for Certified Public Accountants. Those Standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance

53、 about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by mana

54、gement, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.    In our opinion, the financial statements give a true and fair view( or are presented fairly, in all material respects, ) the financial

55、position of ABC as of December 31, 2006 , and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the year then ended in conformity with the requirements of both the Accounting Standard for Business Enterprises and other relevant financial and accounting laws and regulations promulgated by the Stat

56、e.Zhang Hua, CPAFebruary 26, 2007(2) Unqualified with additional explanatory languageIndependent Auditors ReportTo: Board of Directors and Stockholders    ABC Company   We have audited the accompanying balance sheet of ABC Co., Ltd. (“ the Company”) as of December 31, 2006,

57、and the related statements of income and cash flows for the year then ended. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Companys management. Our responsibility is to express an audit opinion on these financial statements based on our audits.    We conducted our audits in

58、 accordance with the Independent Auditing Standards for Certified Public Accountants. Those Standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall finan