高中英語語法重點難點回顧

1、高中英語語法重點難點回顧主謂一致?？茧y題:Five minutes is enough to do this exercise.Each boy and each girl wants to serve the people in future.More than one student has seen the film.Many a ship has been damaged in the storm.More members than one are against your plan.一些有兩個部分構(gòu)成的名詞表示衣物或工具作主語時 , 謂語通常用復(fù)數(shù)形式:glasses, clothe

2、s, trousers, shoes, compasses, chopsticks, scissors等。但如果主語用 a kind of , a pair of , a series of等加名詞構(gòu)成時 , 謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)形式。 A pair of shoes was on the desk.并列主語如果指的是同一個人、同一事物或同一概念時 , 謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式 , 這時 and 后面的名詞沒有冠詞。例如 :Truth and honesty is the best policy.The girl's teacher and friend is a young doctor.T

3、o love and to be loved is the great happiness.Going to bed early and getting up early is a good habit.A knife and fork is on the table.當(dāng)主語后面跟有 as well as, as much as , no less than, along with, with, like, rather than, together with, but, except, besides, including, in addition to 等引導(dǎo)的詞組時 , 其謂語動詞的 單

4、、復(fù)數(shù)按主語的單、復(fù)數(shù)而定。例如 :The teacher as well as the students was excited.The room with its furniture was rented.A (great number of 修飾可數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)名詞 , 謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù) ; a great deal of,a large amount of 修飾不可數(shù)名詞 , 其短語作主語時 , 謂語動詞用單數(shù)。關(guān)系代詞 who, that, which等在定語從句中作主語時 , 其謂語動詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與句中先行詞的數(shù) 一致。例如 :Those who want to go please sign y

5、our names here.Some of the energy that is used by man comes from the sun.季節(jié)、月份、星期、節(jié)日、假日、一日三餐、學(xué)科名稱,球類、棋類名詞名稱前一般不加 冠詞。1/2 one(a half 1/4 one(a quarter形容詞的順序:系動詞 be , grow , get , become , feel , appear , prove , seem , look , keep , smell , taste , sound , turn , remain 限定詞 +數(shù)量形容詞 (序數(shù)詞在前,基數(shù)詞在后 +性狀形容詞

6、+大小、 長短、高低等形體 +新舊 +顏色 +國藉 +材料Those three beautiful large square old brown wood table某些以 a-開首的形容詞例如:afraid , alike , alone , asleep , awake, alive 等只能作表語 , 不能作定語。某些以 -ly 結(jié)尾的詞是形容詞而不是副詞:friendly , lively , lovely , lonely , likely , deadly , silly , orderly, timely等。1close 接近地 closely 仔細(xì)地,密切地2free 免費地

7、freely 自由地 , 無拘束地3hard 努力地 hardly 幾乎不4late 晚,遲 lately 近來5most 極 , 非常 mostly 主要地6wide 廣闊地,充分地 widely 廣泛地7high 高 highly 高度地,非常地8deep 深,遲 deeply 抽象意義的“深”9loud 大聲地 loudly 大聲地 (含有喧鬧的意思 10near 鄰近 nearly 幾乎bad/ill,badly worse worst little less least表示一方不及另一方時, 用 “ less +原級+than ” 的結(jié)構(gòu)表示:This room is less be

8、autiful than that one.表示一方超過另一方的程度或數(shù)量時,可在比較級前加表示程度的狀語,如:even , a lot, a bit, a little, still , much , far, yet, by far等修飾:He works even harder than before. 注意 :by far 通常用于強調(diào)最高級。用于比較級時 , 一般放在比較級的后面 , 如放在前面 , 應(yīng) 在二者中間加“ the ” 。He is taller by far than his brother.He is by far the taller of the two brot

9、hers.某些以 -or 結(jié)尾的形容詞進(jìn)行比較時,用 to 代替 than 。 superior , junior , senior 等。He is superior to Mr Wang in mathematics.在比較從句中為了避免重復(fù)通常用 that(those, one(ones代替前面出現(xiàn)的名詞。 that 指物, one 既可指人,也可指物。 that 可代替可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)和不可數(shù)名詞,而 one 只能代替可數(shù) 名詞。例如:The book on the table is more interesting than that on the desk.A box made of i

10、ron is stronger than one made of wood.表示倍數(shù)的比較級有如下幾種句型 :A is three (four,etc. times the size (height, length, width,etc of B.The new building is four times the size (the height of the old one.這座新樓是那座舊樓的四倍大 (四倍高 。 高三倍A is three (four, etc. times as big (high, long, wide, etc. as B.Asia is four times a

11、s large as Europe.亞洲是歐洲的四倍大。A is three (four,etc. times bigger (higher, longer, wider than B.例如 :Your school is three times bigger than ours.你們的學(xué)校比我們的學(xué)校大三倍。表示兩倍可以用 twice 或 double 。表示“最高程度”的形容詞,如 excellent , extreme , perfect 等,沒有最高級,也不能用比 較級。如果復(fù)數(shù)名詞前有 many 、 few ,不可數(shù)名詞前有 much 、 little 等表示量的形容詞時,該用so

12、而不用 such 。如:I've had so many falls that I'm black and blue all over.Mr White got so little money a month that he could hardly keep body and soul together.但 little 不表示數(shù)量而表示“小”的意思時 , 仍用 such 。如 :They are such little children that the they cannot clean the house by themselves.6almost 與 nearly在

13、very, pretty, not后用 nearly, 不用 almost 。例如:I'm not nearly ready.在 any, no, none, never前用 almost, 不用 nearly 。例如:I almost never see her.need 表示“需要”或“必須” , 作情態(tài)動詞時 , 僅用于否定句或疑問句中。在肯定句中一般 用 must, have to, ought to或 should 代替。例如:You needn't come so early.Need I finish the work today? -Yes, you must.

14、注意:needn't have done“表示本來不必做某事而實際上做了某事” 。 例如:You needn't have waited for me.“ should have done”表示應(yīng)該做到而實際上沒有做到。You should have started earlier.“ ought to have done”表示過去應(yīng)做某事而實際未做。You ought to have helped him (but you didn't書報的標(biāo)題 , 小說等情節(jié)介紹常用一般現(xiàn)在時。表示感覺 , 愿望和狀態(tài)的某些動詞如 have, be, hear, see, like

15、等詞一般不用進(jìn)行時。有些動詞形式上是主動結(jié)構(gòu) , 但表示被動的意思。常見的有可和 well, easily 等副詞連用的 不及物動詞 sell,wash,write,read,clean,cook 等。例如:The cloth washes well.這布很經(jīng)洗。The new product sells well.這新產(chǎn)品很暢銷。The pen writes well.這支筆很好寫。在動詞 arrange,command, demand, desire,insist, order,propose, request, require, suggest等后 面的賓語從句中用“ (should+動

16、詞原形” (虛擬語氣 例如:We suggested that we (should have a meeting.We insisted that they (should go with us.The doctor ordered that she (should stay in bed for a few days.He demanded that we (should start right away.作 advice,idea,order,demand,plan,proposal,suggestion,request 等名詞的表語從句和同位語從 句 , 其謂語動詞要用虛擬語氣的結(jié)構(gòu)“

17、 (should+動詞原形” 。例如:We all agreed to his suggestion that we(should go to Beijing for sightseeing.My idea is that we (should do exercises first.在 feel, hear, notice, observe, see, watch, have, let, make等詞后的補足語中 , 不定式不帶 to 。 但 是這些句子如果變成被動結(jié)構(gòu)時 , 就必須帶 to 。例如:I often hear him sing the song.He is often hear

18、d to sing the song.注意:不定式動詞在介詞 but, except, besides后面時 , 如果這些介詞之前有行為動詞 do 的各 種形式 , 那么 , 這些介詞后的不定式不帶 to, 否則要帶 to. 如:She could do nothing but cry.What do you like to do besides swim?I have no choice but to go.作定語的不定式如果是不及物動詞 , 或者不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動作的地點、 工具等 , 不定式后面須有相應(yīng)的介詞。例如:He is looking for a room to

19、live in.There is nothing to worry about.Please give me a knife to cut with.There / It is no use/ good/ not any use/ good/ useless doing sth.動詞后可以用動名詞作賓語 , 但不能用不定式 :admit,appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, enjoy, escape, excuse, feel like, finish, forgive, give up, imagine, include, keep, mention,mi

20、nd,miss,practise, put off, resist, risk, suggest, can't help, can't stand(無法忍受 等。I tried not to go there.(我設(shè)法不去那里。 I tried doing it again.(我試著又干了一次。 mean to do 有意 . mean doing意味著 .I mean to come early today.(我打算今天早些來。 Missing the train means waiting for another hour.(誤了這趟火車意味著再等一個小時。 allow,

21、advise, forbid, permitWe don't allow smoking here. We don't allow students to smoke.動詞 need,require,want 作“需要”解 , 其后跟動詞作它的賓語時 , 若表示的含義是被動的 , 必 須用動名詞 , 或不定式的被動式。例如:The window needs(requires, wantscleaning(to be cleaned.在短語 devote to, look forward to, pay attention to, stick to, be used to, ob

22、ject to,thank you for, excuse me for 等后的動詞也必須用動名詞形式:I look forward to hearing from you soon. Badly polluted, the water cannot be drunk.(原因 Being written in haste, the composition is full of mistakes.(原因 , 強調(diào)寫的過程 , 故應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在分詞一般被動式 Having been deserted by his guide, he couldn't find his way through t

23、he jungle.(為了強調(diào)已完 成的動作 Asked to stay, I couldn't very well refuse.這里 asked 可能意味著 having been asked, 也可能意味著 when/since I was asked, 但用了 having been asked 就不會有歧義。下面句中過去分詞表示的時間與謂語動詞所表示的時間相同, 所以不能代之以強調(diào)先于謂 語動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞完成被動式。例如:Covered with confusion, I left the room.我很窘地離開了房間。United, we stand; divided, w

24、e fall. 團結(jié)則存,分裂則亡。He used to live in London, use(dn't he /didn't he?There used to be a cinema here before the war, use(dn't there /didn't there?Such things ought not to be allowed, ought they?He ought to be punished, oughtn't he?但在正式文體中 , 用 ought we not形式。例如 :We ought to go, ough

25、t we not?或 We ought to go ,should we not?含有情態(tài)動詞 must 的句子表示推則 , 作“想必” 解時 , 疑問部分不可用 mustn't 。若前句強調(diào) 對現(xiàn)在情況的推測 , 疑問部分用 aren't(isn't十主語 , 例如:You must be tired,aren't you?若陳述 部分的 must 表示 “有必要” 時 , 附加疑問句部分則用 needn't 。 例如:You must go home right now, needn't you?當(dāng) mustn't 表示禁止時 , 附

26、加疑問部分一般用 must 。如:You mustn't walk on grass, must you?前句謂語動詞是 must have +過去分詞時 , 若前句強調(diào)對過去情況的推測 (一般有過去時間 狀語 , 疑問部分的謂語動詞用 didn't +主語 ; 若前句強調(diào)動作的完成 , 疑問部分的謂語動詞用 haven't(hasn't+主語 , 例如:He must have met her yesterday, didn't he?You must have seen the film, haven't you?陳述句謂語部分出現(xiàn)否定詞綴時

27、 (前綴或后綴 , 疑問部分仍用否定結(jié)構(gòu)。例如 :He is unfit for his office, isn't he?如果陳述部分包含有 no, never, hardly, seldom, few, little,nowhere, nothing等否定或半否定 詞時 , 疑問部分用肯定形式。例如:He is hardly 14 years old,is he?如果陳述部分的主語為 everyone,someone,no one 等不定代詞 , 其疑問部分的主語可用 he, 也 可用 they 。Everyone knows his job, doesn't he?Eve

28、ryone knows their job,don't they?No one was hurt,were they?I'm late, aren't I?One can't be too careful,can one(you?Have a cup of tea, will you?Let's go there,shall we? Let us go there,will you?同位語從句跟在名詞后面 , 進(jìn)一步說明該名詞的具體內(nèi)容。引導(dǎo)同位語從句的名詞主要有 fact, news, promise, idea, truth等。連接詞用 that (

29、不用 which 及連接副詞 how, when, where, why 等。例如:His delay is due to the fact that the car went wrong halfway.The news that our team has won the match is true.She asked the reason why there was a delay.關(guān)聯(lián)詞只能用 whether 不能用 if 表示“是否”的情況如下 :A 在表語從句和同位語從句中。例如:The question is whether the film is worth seeing.The

30、 news whether our team has won the match is unknown.B 在主語從句中 , 只有用 it 作形式主語時 ,whether 和 if 都能引導(dǎo)主語從句 , 否則 , 也只能用 whether 。例如:Whether we shall attend the meeting hasn't been decided yet.It hasn't been decided whether(ifwe shall attend the meeting.C 在介詞之后。 (介詞往往可以省略 例如:It all depends (on whethe

31、r they will support us.D 后面直接跟動詞不定式時。He doesn't know whether to stay or not. E后面緊接 or not 時。 We didn't know whether or not she was ready. F引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句,只能用 whether。 Whether you like it or not, you must do it well. G用 if 會引起歧義時。例如：Please let me know if you like it. 該句有兩個意思： “請告訴我你是否喜歡” 。 或“如果你喜歡,

32、請告訴我。 ”用了 whether 就可以避免。 在下面幾種情況下必須用“that”引導(dǎo)定語從句： 1先行詞是不定代詞：all,few,little, much,something,nothing,anything 等。All that we have to do is to practise every day. 2先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級所修飾。 The first lesson that I learned will never be forgotten. 3先行詞被 all,any,every, each, few,little,no,some, 等修飾。 I have read

33、all the book (that you gave me. 4先行詞被 the only, the very, the same, the last 修飾時。 He is the only person that I want to talk to. 5先行詞既有人又有物時。They talked of things and persons that they remembered in the school. 先行詞是表示地點時,要根據(jù)從句的謂語動詞是及物的還是不及物的。如果是及物的就用 that(which,否則用 where。 This is the house where he l

34、ived last year. This is the house that (which he visited last year. 用 no soonerthan 和 hardlywhen 引導(dǎo)的從句表示“剛就” 。主句中的動詞一般 用過去完成時,從句用過去時;而且主句一般倒裝,把助動詞 had 提到前面。 例如： Hardly had I entered the room when I heard a loud noise. 代詞作主語時,主謂語序不變。Here it is. Here he comes. 當(dāng)句首狀語為表示地點的介詞詞組時也常常引起全部倒裝。 South of the c

35、ity lies a big steel factory. From the valley came a frightening sound. 表語置于句首時,倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)為“表語+連系動詞+主語” 。 Present at the meeting were Professor White,Professor Smith and many other guests. Gone are the days when they could do what they liked to the Chinese people. Among the goods are Christmas trees, flowers, candles and toys. He has been to Beijing. So have I. Li Wei can't answer th