2011考研英語真題及標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案!!

1、2010 年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語試題第 1 頁 共 15 頁2010 年全國碩士研究生統(tǒng)一考試英語試題section i use of english (10 points) in 1924 americas national research council sent two engineers to supervise a series of industrial experiments at a large telephone-parts factory called the hawthorne plant near chicago. it hoped they would l

2、earn how stop-floor lighting大1家 workers productivity. instead, the studies ended 大2家 giving their name to the hawthorne effect, the extremely influential idea that the very 大3家 to being experimented upon changed subjects behavior. the idea arose because of the 大4家 behavior of the women in the hawtho

3、rne plant. according to 大 5家 of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. it did not 大6家 what was done in the experiment; 大7家something was changed, productivity rose. a(n) 大8家 that they were being experimented upon seemed to be 大9家 to alter w

4、orkers behavior 大10家itself. after several decades, the same data were 大 11家 to econometric the analysis. hawthorne experiments has another surprise store 大12家the descriptions on record, no systematic 大13家 was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting. it turns out that pe

5、culiar way of conducting the experiments may be have let to 大14家 interpretation of what happed. 大15家, lighting was always changed on a sunday. when work started again on monday, output 大16家rose compared with the previous saturday and 17 to rise for the next couple of days. 大18家, a comparison with da

6、ta 2010 年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語試題第 2 頁 共 15 頁for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on monday, workers 大19家 to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case, before 大20家 a plateau and then slackening off. this suggests that the alleged hawthorne effect is

7、 hard to pin down. 1. a affected b achieved c extracted d restored 2. a at b up c with d off 3. a truth b sight c act d proof 4. a controversial b perplexing c mischievous d ambiguous 5. a requirements b explanations c accounts d assessments 6. a conclude b matter c indicate d work 7. a as far as b

8、for fear that c in case that d so long as 8. a awareness b expectation c sentiment d illusion 9. a suitable b excessive c enough d abundant 10. a about b for c on d by 11. a compared b shown c subjected d conveyed 12. a contrary to b consistent with c parallel with d peculiar to 13. a evidence b gui

9、dance c implication d source 14. a disputable b enlightening c reliable d misleading 15. a in contrast b for example c in consequence d as usual 16. a duly b accidentally c unpredictably d suddenly 17. a failed b ceased c started d continued 20. a breaking b climbing c surpassing d hitting section i

10、i reading comprehension part a directions: read the following four texts. answer the questions below each text by choosing a, b, c or d. mark your answers on answer sheet 1. (40 points) 2010 年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語試題第 3 頁 共 15 頁text 1 of all the changes that have taken place in english-language newspapers

11、during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage. it is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be

12、found in most big-city newspapers. yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. to read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for public

13、ation in general-circulation dailies. we are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in england between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of world war ii, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publicati

14、ons in which it appeared. in those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like george bernard shaw and ernest n

15、ewman, could be trusted to know what they were about. these men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press. “so few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,” newman wrote, “that i am tempted to define journ

16、alism as a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are.”unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. neville cardus, who wrote for the manchester guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of c

17、ricket. during his lifetime, though, he was also one of englands foremost classical-music critics, a stylist so widely admired that his autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. he was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. yet only one of his books is now in print, 2010 年全國碩士研究

18、生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語試題第 4 頁 共 15 頁and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists. is there any chance that carduss criticism will enjoy a revival? the prospect seems remote. journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly uphol

19、stered vicwardian prose in which he specialized. moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat. 21. it is indicated in paragraphs 1 and 2 that a arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers. b english-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews. c

20、 high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers. d young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies. 22. newspaper reviews in england before world war ii were characterized by a free themes. b casual style. c elaborate layout. d radical viewpoints. 23. which of the following would

21、 shaw and newman most probably agree on? a it is writers duty to fulfill journalistic goals. b it is contemptible for writers to be journalists. c writers are likely to be tempted into journalism. d not all writers are capable of journalistic writing. 24. what can be learned about cardus according t

22、o the last two paragraphs? a his music criticism may not appeal to readers today. b his reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute. c his style caters largely to modern specialists. d his writings fail to follow the amateur tradition. 25. what would be the best title for the text? a newsp

23、apers of the good old days 2010 年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語試題第 5 頁 共 15 頁b the lost horizon in newspapers c mournful decline of journalism d prominent critics in memory text 2 over the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what are called business methods. a received one for its one-click onl

24、ine payment system. merrill lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy. one inventor patented a technique for lifting a box. now the nations top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first a

25、uthorized 10 years ago. in a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz the u.s. court of appeals for the federal circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. in re bilski, as the case is known , is a very big deal, says dennis d. crouch of

26、 the university of missouri school of law. it has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents. curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the so-called state street bank cas

27、e, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. that ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive rights to specific types of online transactions. later, move established companies raced to add su

28、ch patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch. in 2005, ibm noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. similarly, some wall stre

29、et investment films armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice. the bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy 2010 年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語試題第 6 頁 共 15 頁market. the federal circuit issued an un

30、usual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the courts judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should reconsider its state street bank ruling. the federal circuits action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions b

31、y the supreme court that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. last april, for example the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for inventions that are obvious. the judges on the federal circuit are reacting to the anti-patent trend at the supreme court, says

32、 harold c. wegner, a patent attorney and professor at george washington university law school. 26. business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of a their limited value to business b their connection with asset allocation c the possible restriction on their granting d the controvers

33、y over authorization 27. which of the following is true of the bilski case? a its ruling complies with the court decisions b it involves a very big business transaction c it has been dismissed by the federal circuit d it may change the legal practices in the u.s. 28. the word about-face (line 1, par

34、a 3) most probably means a loss of good will b increase of hostility c change of attitude d enhancement of dignity 29. we learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents a are immune to legal challenges b are often unnecessarily issued c lower the esteem for patent holders 2010 年全國碩士

35、研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語試題第 7 頁 共 15 頁d increase the incidence of risks 30. which of the following would be the subject of the text? a a looming threat to business-method patents b protection for business-method patent holders c a legal case regarding business-method patents d a prevailing trend against business

36、-method patents text 3 in his book the tipping point, malcolm gladwell argues that social epidemics are driven in large part by the acting of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well-connected. the idea is intuitively compelli

37、ng, but it doesnt explain how ideas actually spread. the supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible sounding but largely untested theory called the two step flow of communication: information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else. marketers have em

38、braced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those selected people will do most of the work for them. the theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods. in many such cases, a cur

39、sory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing, promoting, or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention. anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trends in their recent work, however, some researc

40、hers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. in fact, they dont seem to be required of all. the researchers argument stems from a simple observing about social influence, with the exception of a few celebrities like oprah w

41、infrey whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influenceeven the most influential 2010 年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語試題第 8 頁 共 15 頁members of a population simply dont interact with that many others. yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to the two-

42、step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics by influencing their friends and colleagues directly. for a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected, must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pa

43、y attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential. if people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example from the initial influential prove resistant, for example the cascade of change wont propagate very far or af

44、fect many people. building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of populations manipulating a number of variables relating of populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to peoples ability to influence others and their tendency to be inf

45、luenced. our work shows that the principal requirement for what we call global cascades the widespread propagation of influence through networks is the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced people, each of whom adopts, say, a look or a brand after be

46、ing exposed to a single adopting neighbor. regardless of how influential an individual is locally, he or she can exert global influence only if this critical mass is available to propagate a chain reaction. 31. by citing the book the tipping point, the author intends to a analyze the consequences of

47、 social epidemics b discuss influentials function in spreading ideas c exemplify peoples intuitive response to social epidemics d describe the essential characteristics of influentials. 32. the author suggests that the two-step-flow theory a serves as a solution to marketing problems b has helped ex

48、plain certain prevalent trends c has won support from influentials d requires solid evidence for its validity 2010 年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語試題第 9 頁 共 15 頁33. what the researchers have observed recently shows that a the power of influence goes with social interactions b interpersonal links can be enhanced thr

49、ough the media c influentials have more channels to reach the public d most celebrities enjoy wide media attention 34. the underlined phrase these people in paragraph 4 refers to the ones who a stay outside the network of social influence b have little contact with the source of influence c are infl

50、uenced and then influence others d are influenced by the initial influential 35. what is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence? a the eagerness to be accepted b the impulse to influence others c the readiness to be influenced d the inclination to rely on others text 4 bankers hav

51、e been blaming themselves for their troubles in public. behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else: the accounting standard-setters. their rules, moan the banks, have forced them to report enormous losses, and its just not fair. these rules say they must value some assets at the pr

52、ice a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch. unfortunately, banks lobbying now seems to be working. the details may be unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper functioning of capital markets, is being compromised. a

53、nd, unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers, reviving the banking system will be difficult. after a bruising encounter with congress, americas financial accounting standards board (fasb) rushed through rule changes. these gave banks more freedom to use models 2010 年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考

54、試英語試題第 10 頁 共 15 頁to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income statement. bob herz, the fasbs chairman, cried out against those who question our motives. yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobby group politely calls the us

55、e of judgment by management. european ministers instantly demanded that the international accounting standards board (iasb) do likewise. the iasb says it does not want to act without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes it reconstruction of rules later this year is strong. ch

56、arlie mccreevy, a european commissioner, warned the iasb that it did not live in a political vacuum but in the real word and that europe could yet develop different rules. it was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets. today they argue that market prices ove

57、rstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts. the truth will not be known for years. but banks shares trade below their book value, suggesting that investors are skeptical. and dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks

58、which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains. to get the system working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with. americas new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attracti

59、ve. successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters. the fasb and iasb have been exactly that, cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions, for example, against hostility from special interests. but by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more co

60、ncessions. 36. bankers complained that they were forced to a follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules b collect payments from third parties c cooperate with the price managers d reevaluate some of their assets. 37. according to the author , the rule changes of the fasb may result in 2010 年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)