2012年英語二閱讀理解及解析.doc

2012年英語二 Text 11-Homework has never been terribly popular with students and even many parents, but in recent years it has been particularly scorned. School districts across the country, most recently Los Angeles Unified, are revising(修改) their thinking on his educational ritual(例行公事). Unfortunately, L.A. Unified has produced an inflexible (不可變更的) policy which mandates(批準(zhǔn)) that with the exception of some advanced courses, homework may no longer count for more than 10% of a students academic grade。家庭作業(yè)從來就沒有受到學(xué)生甚至家長的真正歡迎，但最近幾年來，家庭作業(yè)卻受到人們的鄙視。全國的學(xué)校都在修改家庭作業(yè)的相關(guān)慣例做法。不幸的是，洛杉磯學(xué)區(qū)通過了一項(xiàng)不可變更的政策：除了高等課程，家庭作業(yè)在學(xué)分中所占比例不可以超過10%。21.It is implied in paragraph 1 that nowadays homework_。A is receiving more criticismB is no longer an educational ritual（絕對）C is not required for advanced courses（正反）D is gaining more preferences（正反）2-This rule is meant to address the difficulty that students from impoverished or chaotic homes might have in completing their homework. But the policy is unclear and contradictory. Certainly, no homework should be assigned that students cannot do without expensive equipment. But if the district is essentially giving a pass to students who do not do their homework because of complicated family lives, it is going riskily close to the implication that standards need to be lowered for poor children。這個(gè)規(guī)定旨在提出：來自貧窮家庭或混亂家庭的學(xué)生有困難，不能完成家庭作業(yè)。但該政策是不清晰的，是矛盾的。顯然，沒有哪個(gè)家庭作業(yè)是在沒有昂貴設(shè)備就無法完成的。但如果該學(xué)區(qū)因?yàn)閷W(xué)生家庭復(fù)雜而不做家庭作業(yè)就給他通過的話，那么這就意味著對于貧窮孩子，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要降低。22.L.A.Unified has made the rule about homework mainly because poor students_。Atend to have moderate expectations for their educationBhave asked for a different educational standardCmay have problems finishing their homeworkDhave voiced their complaints about homework3-District administrators say that homework will still be a part of schooling: teachers are allowed to assign as much of it as they want. But with homework counting for no more than 10% of their grades, students can easily skip half their homework and see vey little difference on their report cards. Some students might do well on state tests without completing their homework, but what about the students who performed well on the tests and did their homework? It is quite possible that the homework helped. Yet rather than empowering teachers to find what works best for their students, the policy imposes a flat, across-the-board rule。區(qū)政府官員說，家庭作業(yè)仍將是學(xué)校教育的一部分：老師允許布置他想布置的作業(yè)。但家庭作業(yè)算入他們成績的比例不能超過10%的話，學(xué)生就能逃避一半家庭作業(yè)，成績報(bào)告單上看不出差別。有些學(xué)生可能不做完家庭作業(yè)也能取得好成績。但想想那些做家庭作業(yè)并取得考試好成績的學(xué)生吧，家庭作業(yè)完全有可能幫助了他們。但是，老師沒有得到授權(quán)去尋找什么作業(yè)最適合學(xué)生，該政策給老師強(qiáng)加了一條無聊的一刀切規(guī)則。23.According to Paragraph 3,one problem with the policy is that it may_。Adiscourage students from doing homeworkBresult in students indifference to their report cardsCundermine the authority of state testsDrestrict teachers power in education4-At the same time, the policy addresses none of the truly thorny questions about homework. If the district finds homework to be unimportant to its students academic achievement, it should move to reduce or eliminate the assignments, not make them count for almost nothing. Conversely, if homework matters, it should account for a significant portion of the grade. Meanwhile, this policy does nothing to ensure that the homework students receive is meaningful or appropriate to their age and the subject, or that teachers arent assigning more than theyre willing to review and correct.同時(shí)，該政策沒有處理家庭作業(yè)真正棘手的問題。如果該學(xué)區(qū)發(fā)現(xiàn)家庭作業(yè)對于孩子的學(xué)業(yè)是不重要的，它就應(yīng)該減少或者免除家庭作業(yè)，而不是減少所占比分。相反，如果家庭作業(yè)重要，它就應(yīng)該在成績中重要比重。同時(shí)，該政策沒有確保學(xué)生做的家庭作業(yè)是否是有意義的，或者是否適合他們年齡和所上學(xué)科，或者老師是否不過量布置作業(yè)。24. As mentioned in Paragraph 4, a key question unanswered about homework is whether_.A it should be eliminatedBit counts much in schooling（count表示重要）C it places extra burdens on teachers Dit is important for grades原版5-The homework rules should be put on hold while the school board, which is responsible for setting educational policy, looks into the matter and conducts public hearings. Its not too late for L.A. Unified to do homework right.5-The homework rules should be put on hold while the school board, which is responsible for setting educational policy, looks into the matter and conducts public hearings. It is not too late for L.A. Unified to do homework right。學(xué)校董事會(huì)是教育政策的制定者，在它調(diào)查此事并進(jìn)行公眾意見聽證會(huì)的時(shí)候，家庭作業(yè)的規(guī)則應(yīng)該暫停實(shí)施。洛杉磯學(xué)區(qū)要處理好家庭作業(yè)這件事還是來得及的。25. A suitable title for this text could be_。AWrong Interpretation of an Educational PolicyBA Welcomed Policy for Poor StudentsCThorny Questions about HomeworkDA Faulty Approach to Homework （原文標(biāo)題）2012年英語二 Text 21-Pretty in pink: adult women do not remember being so obsessed with the color, yet it is pervasive in our young girls lives. It is not that pink is intrinsically bad, but it is such a tiny slice of the rainbow and, though it may celebrate girlhood in one way, it also repeatedly and firmly fuses girls identity to appearance. Then it presents that connection, even among two-year-olds, between girls as not only innocent but as evidence of innocence. Looking around, I despaired at the singular lack of imagination about girls lives and interests。穿粉紅色好看：成年女性記不起對于顏色的困惑了，然而，年輕女孩普遍有這個(gè)問題。不是粉紅本來不好，但是它是彩虹的一小份而已。雖然從某個(gè)程度上來說有助于烘托女孩，但它也會(huì)不斷融化女孩們的特征。那么它不但能在天真的女孩之間而且還能在天真的證據(jù)事實(shí)前提供那種連接，甚至兩歲的孩子。四周看看，我絕望的看到對于女孩生活和興趣格外缺乏想象力。26.By saying it is.the rainbow(Line 3, Para.1)，the author means pink_。Ashould not be the sole representation of girlhood 不應(yīng)該是女孩的唯一代表Bshould not be associated with girls innocenceCcannot explain girls lack of imaginationDcannot influence girls lives and interests2-Girls attraction to pink may seem unavoidable, somehow encoded in their DNA, but according to Jo Paoletti, an associate professor of American Studies, it is not. Children were not colour-coded at all until the early 20th century: in the era before domestic washing machines all babies wore white as a practical matter, since the only way of getting clothes clean was to boil them. Whats more, both boys and girls wore what were thought of as gender-neutral dresses. When nursery colours were introduced, pink was actually considered the more masculine colour, a pastel version of red, which was associated with strength. Blue, with its intimations of the Virgin Mary, constancy and faithfulness, symbolized femininity. It was not until the mid-1980s, when amplifying age and sex differences became a dominant childrens marketing strategy, that pink fully came into its own, when it began to seem inherently attractive to girls, part of what defined them as female, at least for the first few critical years。女孩喜歡粉色似乎不可避免，似乎DNA編碼就是這樣，但根據(jù)Jo Paoletti，美國馬里蘭大學(xué)美國研究副教授的說法，情況不是這樣的。20世紀(jì)初期前的孩子們原來根本不分顏色:在家用洗衣機(jī)問世之前的時(shí)代里,所有的嬰兒都穿白色,因?yàn)橐屢路蓛舻奈ㄒ环椒ㄊ侵蠓幸路? 還有, 那時(shí)的男孩女孩都穿中性的衣服。當(dāng)托兒所色彩引入后，粉紅色當(dāng)時(shí)被認(rèn)為是更有男性特征的顏色，紅色的清淡版和力量相關(guān)。藍(lán)色象征著女性，代表圣母瑪利亞，堅(jiān)貞與忠誠。到了80年代中期，年齡增大和兩性差別成為幼兒用品市場的主要銷售戰(zhàn)略時(shí)，粉色變得很受女孩們的喜歡，成為定義女性特征的一部分，至少在起初的那幾個(gè)關(guān)鍵年份女孩們都這樣。27. According to Paragraph 2, which of the following is true of colours？A Colours are encoded in girls DNA。（誤解原文）B Blue used to be regarded as the colour for girls。C Pink used to be a neutral colour in symbolizing genders。應(yīng)該是masculine colourD White is preferred by babies。3-I had not realized how profoundly marketing trends dictated our perception of what is natural to kids, including our core beliefs about their psychological development. Take the toddler. I assumed that phase was something experts developed after years of research into childrens behavior: wrong. Turns out, according to Daniel Cook, a historian of childhood consumerism, it was popularized as a marketing trick by clothing manufacturers in the 1930s。我原來沒有意識(shí)到市場營銷趨勢對我們觀念的巨大影響，比如什么是孩子的天性，包括他們的心理發(fā)展這種核心信念。帶上你的小孩兒。我認(rèn)為這個(gè)短語至少是博士級別的專家對幼兒行為幾年的研究才發(fā)明的語言：錯(cuò)啦。根據(jù)幼兒消費(fèi)歷史學(xué)家Daniel Cook的說法，這個(gè)短語是三十年代流行起來的，是制衣商進(jìn)行市場營銷的花招。28.The author suggests that our perception of childrens psychological development was much influenced by_。Athe marketing of products for childrenBthe observation of childrens natureCresearches into childrens behaviorDstudies of childhood consumption4-Trade publications counseled department stores that, in order to increase sales, they should create a “third stepping stone” between infant wear and older kids clothes. It was only after “toddler”became a common shoppers term that it evolved into a broadly accepted developmental stage. Splitting kids, or adults, into ever-tinier categories has proved a sure-fire way to boost profits. And one of the easiest ways to segment a market is to magnify gender differences or invent them where they did not previously exist。貿(mào)易出版物給百貨大樓提議，要增加銷售，應(yīng)該在嬰兒服裝和兒童服裝之間創(chuàng)造“第三過渡階段”服裝，這個(gè)詞成為“蹣跚學(xué)步者”之后的常見銷售術(shù)語，后來演變?yōu)槿藗儚V泛接受的孩子發(fā)展階段。把孩子，或者成年人分類成更小的種類已經(jīng)證實(shí)是條必定成功的方法來擴(kuò)大利潤。對市場進(jìn)行細(xì)分的最簡單的方法就是擴(kuò)大性別差異-或者創(chuàng)造出一些原來就沒有的差異。sure-fire 一定成功的, 一定能達(dá)到目的的29.We may learn from Paragraph 4 that department stores were advised to_。Afocus on infant wear and older kids clothes 錯(cuò)Battach equal importance to different gendersCclassify consumers into smaller groups 類似第一句話，也是本段主題Dcreate some common shoppers terms 表面的建議30.It can be concluded that girls attraction to pink seems to be_。A clearly explained by their inborn tendency 源于銷售策略B fully understood by clothing manufacturersC mainly imposed by profit-driven businessmen Dwell interpreted by psychological experts2012年英語二 Text 31-In 2010. a federal judge shook Americas biotech industry to its core. Companies had won patents for isolated DNA for decadesby 2005 some 20% of human genes were parented. But in March 2010 a judge ruled that genes were unpatentable. Executives were violently agitated. The Biotechnology Industry Organization (BIO)，a trade group, assured members that this was just a “preliminary step” in a longer battle.2010年, 一個(gè)聯(lián)邦法官對美國生物科技行業(yè)產(chǎn)生了巨大影響。各家公司早就獲得了單個(gè)DNA的專利，2005年大約有20%的人類基因被授予專利。但2010年3月，一位法官判決基因是不能授予專利的。執(zhí)行高管們一下燥熱不安。生物科技行業(yè)組織(BIO)是貿(mào)易組織，該組織認(rèn)為這個(gè)判決是長期斗爭的一個(gè)前奏。31. It can be learned from paragraph 1 that the biotech companies would likeA. their executives to be activeB. judges to rule out gene patenting 正反C. genes to be patentable D. the BIO to issue a warning 主觀推導(dǎo)2- On July 29th they were relieved, at least temporarily. A federal appeals court overturned the prior decision, ruling that Myriad Genetics could indeed hold patents to two genes that help forecast a womans risk of breast cancer. The chief executive of Myriad, a company in Utah, said the ruling was a blessing to firms and patients alike.7月29日，他們放松了一下，至少暫時(shí)放松了一會(huì)兒。聯(lián)邦上訴法院推翻了前面的判決，認(rèn)為Myriad Genetics的確可以持有的兩個(gè)幫助預(yù)測女性乳腺癌的基因?qū)＠?。位于猶他州的Myriad首席執(zhí)行官說，這個(gè)判決對于公司和患者都是一種賜福。3-But as companies continue their attempts at personalized medicine, the courts will remain rather busy. The Myriad case itself is probably not over. Critics make three main arguments against gene patents: a gene is a product of nature, so it may not be patented; gene patents suppress innovation rather than reward it; and patents monopolies restrict access to genetic tests such as Myriads. A growing number seem to agree. Last year a federal task-force urged reform for patents related to genetic tests. In October the Department of Justice filed a brief in the Myriad case, arguing that an isolated DNA molecule “is no less a product of nature. than are cotton fibres that have been separated from cotton seeds.” Despite the appeals courts decision, big questions remain unanswered. For example, it is unclear whether the sequencing of a whole genome violates the patents of individual genes within it. The case may yet reach the Supreme Court。但是，正當(dāng)公司繼續(xù)試圖個(gè)性化醫(yī)療的時(shí)候，法院將繼續(xù)忙于此事。Myriad案本身可能不會(huì)結(jié)束。批評人士有三個(gè)理由反對基因?qū)＠夯蚴亲匀坏漠a(chǎn)物，所以不可以給予專利；基因?qū)＠粫?huì)鼓勵(lì)創(chuàng)新反而會(huì)打壓創(chuàng)新；基因壟斷企業(yè)比如Myriad會(huì)限制其它公司進(jìn)行基因測試。越來越多的人似乎同意這種說法。去年，聯(lián)邦特派組敦促基因檢測專利改革。十月，司法部在Myriad案中發(fā)表聲明，單個(gè)DNA分子和從棉籽上分離出來的棉纖維一樣，都是自然的產(chǎn)物。盡管上訴法院作出這樣的判決，但是重要的問題仍然沒有得到回答。比如說，基因組序列是否違背了其中單個(gè)基因?qū)＠詿o定論，這個(gè)問題可能要到最高法院裁決。genome di:num n. 基因組, 染色體組32. Those who are against gene patents believe thatA. genetic tests are not reliable 無中生有B. only man-made products are patentable 第一個(gè)理由，自然的產(chǎn)物不能給專利C. patents on genes depend much on innovation 自然產(chǎn)物，不是創(chuàng)新來的，D. courts should restrict access to genetic tests 偷換主語，patents monopolies4-As the industry advances, however, other suits may have an even greater impact. Companies are unlikely to file many more patents for human DNA moleculesmost are already patented or in the public domain. Firms are now studying how genes interact, looking for correlations that might be used to determine the causes of disease or predict a drugs efficacy. Companies are eager to win patents for “connecting the dots”, explains Hans Sauer, a lawyer for the BIO。 但是，隨著該行業(yè)的發(fā)展，其它的案例可能會(huì)有更大的影響力。公司不大可能申請到更多的人類DNA專利有些已經(jīng)被其它公司申請或者處于共同申請的領(lǐng)域。公司正在研究基因是如何相互作用的，基因的相關(guān)性可以用來判斷疾病的起因或者預(yù)測藥物的功效。BIO的律師Hans Sauer解釋道，公司渴望獲得專利來以便歸納推理得出結(jié)論。注：connect the dots：To link together logically related elements in order to draw a conclusion 33. According to Hans Sauer, companies are eager to win patents for-A. establishing disease correlations （B似乎也行，但主要目的是A，而且概率選A好）B. discovering gene interactions C. drawing pictures of genesD. identifying human DNA5-Their success may be determined by a suit related to this issue, brought by the Mayo Clinic, which the Supreme Court will hear in its next term. The BIO recently held a convention which included sessions to coach lawyers on the shifting landscape for patents. Each meeting was packed。他們是否成功可能要由Mayo Clinic帶來的這個(gè)案件的訴訟情況決定。最高法院將在下一輪審理此案。生物科技行業(yè)組織(BIO)最近開會(huì)討論聘用律師來處理搖擺不定的專利案。每個(gè)會(huì)議都人滿為患。34. By saying “each meeting was packed” (line4,para6) the author means thatA. the Supreme Court was authoritativeB. the BIO was a powerful organizationC. gene patenting was a great concern（主題詞）比D好D. lawyers were keen to attend conventions35. Generally speaking, the authors attitude toward gene patenting isA. critical B. supportive C. scornful D. objective2012年英語二 Text 4本文講經(jīng)濟(jì)衰敗帶來的好處（1-2段）和壞處（345段）。1-The great recession may be over, but this era of high joblessness is probably beginning. Before it ends, it will likely change the life course and character of a generation of young adults. And ultimately, it is likely to reshape our politics, our culture, and the character of our society for years。大蕭條也許結(jié)束了,但高失業(yè)率可能正在抬頭。在情況沒有變好之前，這將可能改變?nèi)松倪^程和剛成年一代人們的特點(diǎn)。最終，這種情況還有可能改變我們長期形成的政策，文化以及社會(huì)的特點(diǎn)。2-No one tries harder than the jobless to find silver linings in this national economic disaster. Many said that unemployment, while extremely painful, had improved them in some ways：they had become less materialistic and more financially prudent; they were more aware of the struggles of others. In limited respects, perhaps the recession will leave society better off. At the very least, it has awoken us from our national fever dream of easy riches and bigger houses, and put a necessary end to an era of reckless personal spending。沒有人會(huì)比失業(yè)者更想在全國經(jīng)濟(jì)災(zāi)難中看到希望。許多人說，雖然痛苦，失業(yè)也能提升自己：他們不再物質(zhì)至上，更加節(jié)儉；他們更加注意到其它人的辛苦。在有限的方面，蕭條可以使社會(huì)得到好轉(zhuǎn)。至少，使我們從暴富和大別墅的狂熱幻境中蘇醒過來，及時(shí)結(jié)束揮金如土的消費(fèi)時(shí)代。注：silver linings n. (不幸或失望中的) 一線希望，36.By saying “to find silver linings”(Line 1,Para.2)the author suggest that the jobless try to_。A seek subsidies from the government 無中生有B explore reasons for the unemployment 無中生有C make profits from the troubled economy 無中生有D look on the bright side of the recession 下文講的就是好處，上下文原則37.According to Paragraph 2, the recession has made people_。Arealize the national dream無中生有，正反混淆Bstruggle against each otherCchallenge their lifestyleDreconsider their lifestyle 3-But for the most part, these benefits seem thin, uncertain, and far off. In The Moral Consequences of Economic Growth, the economic historian Benjamin Friedman argues that both inside and outside the U.S. ,lengthy periods of economic stagnation or decline have almost always left society more mean-spirited and less inclusive, and have usually stopped or reversed the advance of rights and freedoms. Anti-immigrant sentiment typically increases, as does conflict between races and classes。但對于大多數(shù)人，這些好處似乎不夠，不確定，而且離個(gè)人太遠(yuǎn)。Benjamin Friedman是經(jīng)濟(jì)歷史學(xué)家，在經(jīng)濟(jì)增長的道德結(jié)果一書中，他認(rèn)為不管美國還是其它國家，長期經(jīng)濟(jì)滯后或下跌總是使得社會(huì)人民更加小心眼，不能全面看問題，經(jīng)常使得人權(quán)和自由的停滯不前或者倒退。反移民情緒尤其高漲，種族矛盾，階層矛盾也高漲。38.Benjamin Friedman believe that economic recessions may_。Aimpose a heavier burden on immigrants 無中生有Bbring out more evils of human nature CPromote the advance of rights and freedoms 正反Dease conflicts between races and classes 正反4-Income inequality usually falls during a recession, but it has not shrunk in this one,. Indeed, this period of economic weakness may r