跨文化交際課件Unit_1.ppt

InterculturalCommunication 跨文化交際實用教程 APracticalCoursebook CultureisaBridge Requirements Presentation20 Attendance30 Finalexam50 Unit1AnIntroduction 4 I WhytakeInterculturalCommunication Discussion 2012 2 16 1 Warm upCase Pleasediscussthecaseingroupsandmakeacommentonit ACase ShowingConcernInChina XiaoLi aninterpreter Youmustbeverytired You reold Catherine anelderlyAmericanlady Oh I mNOTold andI mNOTtired 5 2012 2 16 Comment WhattheinterpretersaidisquitecourteousinChina Itmeans Ifyouaretired wecantakealittlerest sinceyouaregettingoninyears Theinterpretergavetheimpressionthathethoughttheelderlyladywouldcollapseanyminuteifshedoesn trestimmediately 6 2012 2 16 Comment IntheWest thereisavalueplacedinbeingyoungthatmanypeopleconsciously orsubconsciously arenotwillingtoacceptthattheyaregrowingold 7 2012 2 16 ThewesternwayofshowingconcernisgenerallydifferentfromtheChineseway InChina XiaoLi aninterpreter Youmustbeverytired You reold Catherine anelderlyAmericanlady Oh I mNOTold andI mNOTtired TheChinesewayofshowingconcernisusuallyexpressedbystatement IntheWest A Howareyoudoingnow Wouldyouliketorest B No notabit Thewesternwayofshowingconcernismainlydisplayedwithquestion 8 2012 2 16 Comment Thiscaseclearlyshowsthattranslationisaninterculturalcommunication whichrequiresthetranslator interpretertopossessbothEnglishculturalknowledgeandlanguagecompetence 9 2012 2 16 Case2FirstOffer ACanadiancolleagueandItraveledtoGuilinwithouradmirableguideHepingLiuinveryhotweather Sightseeingisathirstybusiness Wedidnottrustthewaterandenjoyexcellentbeer WepolitelyofferedsometoHepingbutherefused Wesaidnothinganddrankourbeer whilepoorHepingwatched OnlywhenIsawthatHepinginfactlikedbeer diditoccurtometoaskhimwhethermaybeinChinesecultureitwasnotpolitetoacceptonthefirstoffer Indeed itisnot ChinesecustomsshowthatHepingwasbeingmodest polite andwell behavedandeveryintentionofacceptingthebeeratthesecondorthirdoffer impressingchargeswithmodesty ButHepingdidnotunderstandNorthAmericanrules whichfirmlysaythatyoudonotpushalcoholicbeveragesonanyone Apersonmaynotdrinkforreligiousreasons hemaybeareformedalcoholic orhemaybeaallergic Whateverthereasonbehindtherule youdonotinsistonofferingalcohol AndwhileIcertainlydidnotfigureHepingforMormon aMuslimorareformedalcoholic sounconsciousandsostrongareourcommunicativecompetencerulesthatweequallypolitelynevermadeasecondofferofbeertoHeping whoprobablythoughtNorthAmericansaremostuncouth Questionsfordiscussion Inyourdailylife doyouoftenacceptfirstoffer Ifyes inwhatsituation Case3SameLanguage DifferentBehavior AnAmericantraveledtoEnglandandwasstayingwithafriend Duringhisstay theAmericandecidedtotalktotheEnglishmanaboutsomethingsthatwerebotheringhim American Ifeeluncomfortablewithmanyofthepeoplehere butI mnotsurewhy Ispeakthesamelanguage sothereshouldn tbeanyproblem Backhome Iusuallygetalongwithpeople YouknowthatI mveryfriendly Englishman Yes that strue butyou refriendlyinthewaythatAmericansarefriendly American I mnotsureIunderstand Englishman Well forexample atthemeetingtheothernight youimmediatelycalledpeoplebytheirfirstnames Wedothathere butnotwhenwefirstmeetsomeone American That showwemakepeoplefeelcomfortable Peoplefeelfriendliertowardeachotherwhentheyusefirstnames Englishman it sdifferenthere Forexample whenyoumetmybossyoushouldhaveusedhislastname Alsothere ssomethingelsethatyoudothatEnglishpeopledon toftendo American What sthat Englishman Youtouchpeopleontheshoulderquiteabit especiallywhenyoucomplimentthem American IguessI veneverthoughtaboutthatbefore IsupposethatiswhatIdoathome Comment thisisanimportantlessonfortheAmericanthatthoughtheyspeakthesamelanguageproblemsmaystillexistwhencommunicatingwithEnglishpeople Hedoesn tstoptothinkthathemayhavetodothingdifferently Luckily hehassomeonewhocanhelphimunderstandandquicklylearnsthatinEnglandheneedstobeabletodomorethanjustspeakEnglish 18 2 DifferentattitudestowardsthesameobjectWhenonecoinwaslost Englishman Notsurprised shruggedhisshoulders goingaway withoutbeingtroubledbynothing Americanman Calledapoliceman gavehimhistelephonenumber leftwithachewingguminhismouth 2012 2 16 19 Germanman Madeamarkwithin100mitersontheground lookingforthelostcoinwithamagnifyingglass Japaneseman feltsorryforhisowncarelessness stillblamedhimathome swearingnottomakesuchasillymistakeagain 2012 2 16 20 AgriculturalCulture worshipland loveland dependuponland stayingatpointwithmoving NomadicCulture worshipnature lovenature dependuponnature movingfromoneplacetoanother notfixedatonepoint BusinessCulture readytomovefartherandfarther makingmoreprofitsforshowingthevalueoflife 3 Peopleareculturallydifferent 2012 2 16 21 Ifonly100peopleleftintheglobalvillage 1 17speakChinese2 9speakEnglish3 8speakDard4 6speakSpanish5 6speakRussian6 4speakArabic 7 50speakBengaliBangladesh JapaneseorFrench 2012 2 16 22 4 Peoplearereligiouslydifferent Christianity About21 4billionChristiansintheworld Bible Forphilanthropyandequalforeverybody Islam Meaningbeingobedient Muslimsarethosewhoareobedient Quran Buddhism AreyouaBuddhist Buddhistsaretaughttoliveforkindnessratherthanevils 2012 2 16 23 Ifonly100peopleleftintheglobalvillage 33Christians18Moslems14Hindus16noreligion6Buddhists13differentreligions 2012 2 16 24 5 Peopleareideologicallydifferent ChinesepeopleandAsiansareabitmodest liveforharmony tryingtoavoidfacetofaceconflict Beingcollectivist Westernersarebeingindividualist beingequalanddifferent Itisnoneofmybusiness 2012 2 16 25 6 Peopleareraciallydifferent WeareHoposapiens Generally thepeopleintheworldareclassifiedintofourmajorraces thoughnotuniversallyaccepted White Caucasian Mongoloid Asian Negroid Black Australoid Brown 2012 2 16 26 Ifonly100peopleleftintheglobalvillage 61Asians12Europeans8NorthAmericans5SouthAmericans13Africans1Australasian 2012 2 16 27 Peoplearedifferentthroughouttheworld culturally religiously ideologicallyandracially actuallydifferentinalmosteveryaspect thereforewearesupposedtoknowabouttheirdifferencesasmuchaspossible justforasmoothcommunicationamongtheHomosapiens thepeopleintheglobalvillage YouwillmakeitbycomingtoInterculturalCommunication WhytakeInterculturalCommunication 2012 2 16 28 ThePurpose Thegeneralpurposeofthiscourseistounderstandthewaysinwhichcultureinterrelateswithandeffectscommunicationprocesses Interculturallearninginvolvesaffectiveandbehavioralprocesses aswellascognitiveones Throughoutthiscourse youwillhavetheopportunitytogainknowledge skillsandattitudesthatwillincreaseyourinterculturalcommunicationcompetence 2012 2 16 29 TheObjectives1 Toexploreculturalself awareness othercultureawarenessandthedynamicsthatariseininteractionsbetweenthetwo 2 Tounderstandhowcommunicationprocessesdifferamongcultures 3 Toidentifychallengesthatarisefromthesedifferencesininterculturalinteractionsandlearnwaystocreativelyaddressthem 4 Toacquireknowledgeanddevelopskillsthatincreaseinterculturalcompetence 5 TohaveanunderstandingofthemeaningoftheculturesunderstoodbythewesternersandtheeasternersortheChineseandAmericans 2012 2 16 30 TheReasons 1 DevelopmentofScience Technology2 GlobalizationofEconomy3 WidespreadImmigration4 DevelopmentofMulticulturalism5 InternationalCommunication6 InterracialCommunication7 InterethnicCommunicationorminoritycommunication 2012 2 16 II WhatIsCulture 31 2012 2 16 1 Defineculturesyourself Pleasewritedownwhatevercomestoyourmindwhenyouhearorthinkofculture Next trytofigureouthowtheyarerelatedtoculture 32 2012 2 16 33 2 DefinitionFinal 1 Cultureisthetotalwayoflifethatagroupofpeopleshares 2 Cultureisasystemofsharedbeliefs values customs behaviors andartifactsthatthemembersofasocietyusetocopewiththeirworldandwithoneanother andthataretransmittedfromgenerationtogenerationthroughlearning 2012 2 16 34 3 CultureisanIntegratedsystemoflearnedbehaviorpatternswhicharecharacteristicofthemembersofasocietyandwhicharenottheresultofbiologicalinheritance 4 Cultureisthedepositofknowledge experience beliefs values actions attitudes meanings hierarchies religion notionsoftime roles spatialrelations conceptsoftheuniverse andartifactsacquiredbyagroupofpeopleinthecourseofgenerationsthroughindividualandgroupstriving 2012 2 16 35 5 Cultureisthetotalaccumulationofbeliefs customs values behaviors institutionsandcommunicationpatternsthatareshared learnedandpasseddownthroughthegenerationsinanidentifiablegroupofpeople 2012 2 16 36 3 ElementsofCulture 2012 2 16 4 Culture ThreeIngredients artifactsconcepts beliefs values worldviews behaviore g Whereasthemoneyisconsideredanartifact thenvalueplacedonitisaconcept theactualspendingandsavingofthemoneyisbehavior 2012 2 16 37 38 5 Whatisculturelike 2012 2 16 39 CultureLikeanIceberg a Objectiveculture history literature andcustoms visible smallpart b Subjectiveculture feelingsandattitudesaboutthings invisible largepart 2012 2 16 40 culture 2012 2 16 41 TheCulturalIceberg 2012 2 16 TheIcebergofCulture 2012 2 16 42 43 ObjectiveCulture SubjectiveCulture 1 notionsofmodesty conceptionofbeauty idealofchildrearing relationshipstoanimals2 patternsofsuperior subordinaterelations definitionofsin courtshippractices conceptionofjustice incentivestowork notionsofleadership tempoofwork groupdecision making 3 conceptionofcleanliness attitudestowardsdependents theoryofdisease approachestoproblem solving conceptionofstatusmobility statusdesignationsbasedonage sex class occupation kinship etc 4 natureoffriendship orderingoftime conceptof self preferenceforcompetitionorcooperation bodylanguage notionsaboutlogicandvalidity patternsofhandlingemotions 客觀 主觀文化1 finearts literature drama classicalmusic popularmusic folkdancing games cooking dress2 eyebehavior contextualconversationpatterns socialinteractionrite facialexpressions 2012 2 16 44 CulturalIceberg 1 美術 文學 戲劇 古典音樂 流行隱喻 民間舞蹈 飲食 服飾2 目光 語境談話方式 社交頻率 面部表情 1 謙虛觀念 美的概念 子女撫養(yǎng)標準 與動物的關系2 上下級關系模式 罪惡的定義 求愛方式 工作的積極性 友誼的性質 對領導的看法 工作節(jié)奏 集體決策3 整潔的概念 對依賴的態(tài)度 疾病理論 解決問題方法 地位變化看法 因年齡 性別 階級 職業(yè) 親屬關系等 社會地位的稱謂4 朋友的意義 時間觀念 對 個人 的看法 對競爭和合作的偏愛 肢體語言 對邏輯和信度的概念 控制情感的模式 2012 2 16 45 6 CharacteristicsofCulture Cultureisshared 2 Cultureislearned 3 Cultureisbasedonsymbols 符號 4 Cultureisintegrated 集成 5 Cultureissubjectivetochange 6 Cultureisethnocentric種族優(yōu)越感 7 Cultureisadaptive自適應 2012 2 16 46 1 Cultureisshared Themembersofacultureshareasetof ideas values andstandardsofbehaviors andthissetofideasiswhatgivesmeaningtotheirlives andwhatbondsthemtogetherasaculture 2012 2 16 47 Actually cultureisnotinnate 先天 sensibility butalearnedcharacteristic Childrenbeginlearningabouttheirowncultureathomewiththeirimmediatefamilyandhowtheyinteracteachother howtheydress andtherituals 儀式 theyperform Whenthechildrenaregrowinginthecommunity 社區(qū) theirculturaleducationisadvanced 先進 bywatchingsocialinteractions takingpartinculturalactivitiesandritualsinthecommunity formingtheirownrelationshipsandtakingtheirplaceintheculture 2 Cultureislearned 2012 2 16 48 Inorderfortheculturetobetransmittedfromonepersontothenext andfromonegenerationtothenext asystemofsymbolsneedstobecreatedthattranslatestheideasoftheculture 文化理想 toitsmembers Thisisaccomplishedthroughlanguage art religionandmoney 3 Cultureissymbolic 2012 2 16 49 Forthesakeof 為求 keepingtheculture functioningallaspectsoftheculturemustbeintegrated Forexample thelanguagemustbeabletodescribeallthefunctionswithinthecultureinorderforideastransmittedfromonepersontoanother Withouttheintegrationoflanguageintothefabric 布 品質 oftheculture confusionanddysfunction 功能障礙 wouldreign 統(tǒng)治 andtheculturewouldfail 4 Cultureisintegrated 2012 2 16 50 Itisnecessarytorecognizethatculturesaredynamicratherthanstatic 靜態(tài) Theyareconstantly 經(jīng)常 changingandevolving 演變 undertheimpactofeventsandthroughcontactwithothercultures Cultureschangethroughthreemostcommonmechanisms 機制 innovation diffusionandacculturation calamity 創(chuàng)新 傳播和涵化 災難 5 Cultureisdynamic 動態(tài) 2012 2 16 51 Ethnocentrismisthebeliefthatyourownculturalbackground includingwaysofanalyzingproblems values beliefs language andverbalandnonverbalcommunication 語言和非語言溝通 iscorrect Ethnocentristsbelievetheircultureisthecentralcultureandotherculturesareincorrect ineffective orquaint 無效 或古樸 6 Cultureisethnocentric 2012 2 16 III Communication Canyougivesomeexamplestoexplainthewordcommunication Whatiscommunication 52 2012 2 16 1 DefinitionofCommunication Generallyspeaking communicationcanbedefinedasadynamic symbolic transactionalandcontextualprocess 事務性和上下文的過程 inwhichpeoplecreatesharedmeaningsormessages 53 2012 2 16 2 EightIngredientsofCommunication behavioralsourceEncoding 編碼 messagechannelresponderDecoding 解碼 responseFeedback 反饋 2012 2 16 54 IV WhatisInterculturalCommunication 2012 2 16 55 跨文化 56 1 InterculturalCommunicationDefined InterculturalCommunicationmeanstheexchangeorcommunicationbetweenpeoplewhohavedifferentculturalbackgrounds 2012 2 16 2 ModelofInterculturalCommunication 57 2012 2 16 3 Comment Themoresimilaritiestwoculturesshare thelessinfluenceculturewillhaveoncommunication Therefore thelessmessageswillbechangedduringcommunication Thelesstheculturesarealike thegreatertheinfluenceofcultureoncommunicationwillbe andthemorelikelythemessageswillbechanged Misunderstandingininterculturalcommunicationoftenariseshere 58 2012 2 16 4 ModelofInterculturalCommunication 59 SupposeCultureA ChinesecultureCultureB JapanesecultureCultureC Americanculture 2012 2 16 IfpeoplefromChineseculturegotoJapan duetothesimilaritiesbetweenChineseandJapanesecultures theycancommunicatewithJapanesepeoplewithoutcausingmuchmisunderstanding Or peopleoftheJapaneseculturecouldunderstandmostofwhattheysaywithouttheirmessagesbeingalteredtoomuch However whenChinesepeoplecommunicatewithAmericanpeople problemsoftenoccurbecauseChinesecultureandAmericanculturedifferfromeachothergreatly 60 2012 2 16 5 BarriersinInterculturalCommunication LanguagedifferencesNonverbalcommunicationStereotypesCulturalbiasonjudgmentsHighlevelofstress 61 2012 2 16 62 V TheDifferencebetweenChineseandWesternCultures 2012 2 16 63 1 TheattitudesbyforeignerstowardsChinesePeople SavingFace Hardworking Formal 2012 2 16 64 TheattitudesbyforeignerstowardsChinesePeople Insensitivetotime Tendingtomisunderstand Beatingaboutthebus 2012 2 16 65 TheattitudesbyforeignerstowardsChinesePeople ObeybutnotFollow Beingdoubtful Beingcontent 2012 2 16 66 TheattitudesbyforeignerstowardsChinesePeople Neverkissedparents Shanzhaieverywhere 2012 2 16 67 2 TheattitudesbyChinesetowardsWesterners Kissandhuganytimeandanywhere GoingDutch 2012 2 16 68 TheattitudesbyChinesetowardsWesterners Beingpunctual Mindyourownbusiness Toofrank 2012 2 16 69 CC Manisanintegralpartofnature complywiththewishesofnature 天人合一 順天應物 WC Manisseparatefromnature trytoconquerthenature 天人相分 征服自然 ManandNation 2012 2 16 70 CC Familyethnicsfirst 家族倫理本位 WC Individualsfirst 個人本位 ConceptionofFamily 2012 2 16 71 CC BelieveinharmonyandtheDoctrineoftheMean 貴和尚中 WC Trustinthespiritofreasons 理性精神 ManandMan 2012 2 16 72 Thewayoflife IndividualvsGroup 2012 2 16 73 Thewayofmakingcomments DirectvsIndirect 2012 2 16 74 Punctuality OntimevsLate 2012 2 16 75 PersonalRelationship SimplevsComplex 2012 2 16 76 Standinginaqueue LinevsFan 2012 2 16 77 Walkinginastreetonweekends Afewvsacrowd 2012 2 16 78 Timeforashower Inthemorningvsintheevening 2012 2 16 79 Dailylifeofoldpeople Withadogvswithachild 2012 2 16 80 Voiceoftalkinginpublic Lowvshigh 2012 2 16 81 Ideaofoneself Individual centeredvsgroup centered 2012 2 16 82 Leadership Equalvspower 2012 2 16 83 Western small intimatefamily retirementhome theoldareseparated childrenleaveearly beingindependentandlookafterthemselves Parentsneverinterferewiththeirchildrenaffairswhentheyareoldenough Family 2012 2 16 84 Oldseparated Youngindependent 2012 2 16 85 Washingtonlefthisofficeandremainedonhisfarmtillhisdeath refusingtogobackfrequentlytoWhiteHouseforadvice Thecountyneedsthecivilofficersratherthanthemilitaryofficerwhenitisinpeace WashingtonandhisCountry 2012 2 16 86 Eastern extended relativesincluded agedstaywithfamily theoldarerespected childrenstayuntilmarried childrencanneverbecompletelyindependentandarechildrenwiththeirparentsaround 2012 2 16 87 Aphotoofafarmfamily AphotoofBaJin sFamily 2012 2 16 88 western performanceoriented littlerotememory abilitytosolveproblems practicalcompetenceofrunningabusinessismoreimportant Education 2012 2 16 89 Eastern experienceoriented muchmemorization themoreexperiencedyouare themorepopularyouwillbe youwillberegardedwell educatedifyoucanrecitesomeancientpoems 2012 2 16 90 In1979 oneChineseeducationaldelegationwenttotheUnitedStatesandoneUSeducationaldelegationcametoChinaandbothofthemmadeareportaftertheirvisits TwoEducationalReports 2012 2 16 91 TheChinesereportsaidTheAmericanstudentsweremuchself confidentandindependent Theirteachersencouragedthemtodosoinsteadofcorrectingthem Thepupilsknewlimitedvocabularyandsolvedmathematicsproblemswiththeirfingers buttheyallhadastrongdesireforgreatinventions Inclass studentswerefreetowalkfromseattoseat talkingwithoutbeingcontrolled 2012 2 16 92 TheUSstudentsinclass 2012 2 16 93 TheAmericanreportsaidThestudentssatonseatswiththeirhandsontheback Theteachersjusttalkedandtalkedforseveralperiodshavingnotimeforwater Thestudentshadmuchassignmentcalledhomework Thosewhohadthehighestscorewouldbeprizedas ThreeGoodStudents withcertificates 2012 2 16 94 TheChinesestudentsinclass 2012 2 16 95 Western timeorientedrelationships work freetime makeanappointmentbeforeyougotoseeanyone noappointment nobusiness Lawsuperiortofriendshipandkinsfolk AttitudesandIdeas Eastern personorientedrelationships hospitality friendshipiseverything superiortolaw 2012 2 16 96 Colors Notwolanguagesareeversufficientlysimilartobeconsideredasreprintingthesamesocialreality Theworldsinwhichdifferentsocietieslivearedistinctworlds notmerelythesameworldwithdifferentlabelsattached 2012 2 16 97 Aweddingceremony 2012 2 16 98 AWeddingCeremony Afuneral 2012 2 16 99 Redpaperbagcontainingmoneyasagift 2012 2 16 100 Theredcarpet layouttheredcarpet 2012 2 16 101 Aredcardfortheirmarriage orforhishealth 2012 2 16 102 ItiseasytodiscoverthepositionorrankinaconversationortalkinChina astheyseldomusethenamesonly usuallywithatitle Onthecontrary thewesternershavethehabitofusingnamesforteache