2011年三級(jí)語法義.doc

人大三級(jí)學(xué)士學(xué)位英語輔導(dǎo)資料（一）語 法 輔 導(dǎo)第一章 動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài) 第二章 被動(dòng)語態(tài) 第三章 非謂語動(dòng)詞 第四章 形容詞和副詞 第五章 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 第六章 名詞性從句 第七章 定語從句 第八章 狀語從句 第九章 虛擬語氣 第十章 倒裝句 第十一章 強(qiáng)調(diào)句 第十二章 附加疑問句 第十三章 主謂一致 第十四章 代 詞 第十五章 挑 錯(cuò) 52第一章 動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)1. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：在時(shí)間、條件狀語從句中表示將來的動(dòng)作用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：常用的連詞有as soon as, when，till, if等。e.g.When he comes back, he will go and see his cousin in hospital.If it rains tomorrow, the sports meet will be put off.The porter will wait till the train arrives.2. 一般過去時(shí)：used to do sth. be used to doing sth.e.g.The architect used to take the dog for a walk after supper when he lived here.Now he is used to browsing the newspapers in the evening.3. 一般將來時(shí)：表示將來的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。a) will (shall) +原形動(dòng)詞：e.g. Peter will take robotics next semester.b) 某些表示開始、終結(jié)、往來行動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞如：go ,come, start, arrive, leave等的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)可表示將來。e.g.The police are leaving for Brasilia tomorrow.The foreign guests are arriving in Jinan tonight by air. Are you going to attend the lecture tomorrow afternoon?c) be to +動(dòng)詞原形： 表示安排或計(jì)劃好了的動(dòng)作。e.g.The new road to the museum is to be open to traffic before National Day.d) be about to +動(dòng)詞原形：表示即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。e.g.The lecture is about to begin. 4. 過去將來時(shí)：表示在過去預(yù)計(jì)將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，常用于賓語從句。e.g.The freshmen wanted to know when the sports meet would start. 5. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：表示此時(shí)此刻（說話時(shí)）正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，但此刻并不一定在進(jìn)行。e.g.My nephew is having an English class in Beijing Normal University.The workers are building a museum near the stadium.6. 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)：a) 表示在過去某一段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。常用表示過去的時(shí)間狀語或通過上下文來判斷。e.gThe sailor was reading a French novel from seven to nine last night.b) when 和while 的用法e.gWhile John was eating, my brother-in-law walked to him and asked him to lend him $100.When the plane arrived, some of the detectives were waiting inside the main buildingc) 表示過去將來的動(dòng)作。現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示將來的動(dòng)作，同樣，過去進(jìn)行時(shí)也可以表示從過去某時(shí)間看將來要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。e.g.The president was leaving early the next morning.7. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：a) 表示動(dòng)作剛剛結(jié)束（常和just, already, yet等詞連用）；或表示動(dòng)作的結(jié)果（一般不用時(shí)間狀語）。e.g.Jefferson has just turned off the light.、 b) 表示過去某時(shí)開始的動(dòng)作一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，并且可能會(huì)繼續(xù)延續(xù)下去（常用since引導(dǎo)的短語或從句，或由for 引導(dǎo)的短語連用）。e.g.The astronaut has been engaged in the research for 30 years. Theyve known each other since childhood. c) 非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的完成時(shí)和it is +時(shí)間+since.（過去時(shí)）英語中有些動(dòng)詞不能延續(xù)， 因此不能和表示延續(xù)的時(shí)間狀語連用。 e.g.It is (has been) an hour since the delegation arrived here. It is 3 years since the diver left Shanghai. d) have (has) been to 和have (has) gone to 的區(qū)別 have (has) been to:去過某地（表示某人的一種經(jīng)歷）可和once, twice, often, never, ever連 用。have (has) gone to: e.g.The novelist has gone to the Yellowstone National Park.The novelist has been to the Yellowstone National Park twice. 非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的用法說明：comee.g.He came here last week.He has come here. be heree.g.He has been here for ten months since last year.arrive: be herediee.g.The professor died last year. The professor has died.be deade.g.The professor has been dead for one year. joine.g.Robert joined the army in 2005.Robert has joined the army.be in the army e.g.Robert has been in the army for two years.Robert has been in the army since 2005.Its (has been) two years since he joined the army. buy e.g.Bob bought the dictionary in May. Bob has bought the dictionary.get, have e.g.Bob has had the dictionary for four months.goe.g.The delegation has gone to Japan.The delegation has been to Japan.be there, be heree.g.The delegation has been in Japan for three years. 8. 過去完成時(shí)a) 表示在過去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)完成了的動(dòng)作（即過去的過去）。這個(gè)過去的某一時(shí)間可用by, before等介詞或連詞引導(dǎo)的短語或一個(gè)從句來表示。e.g.By the end of last year, the chemist had worked here for five years.b) 表示從過去某一時(shí)間開始，一直持續(xù)到另一個(gè)過去的時(shí)間的動(dòng)作。e.g.The meeting had been on for two hours when we arrived there.c) 在含有as soon as 等連詞引導(dǎo)的狀語從句的復(fù)合句中，主句和從句都可以用一般過去時(shí)表示，而不用過去完成時(shí)。e.g.I called him as soon as I got ticket of Beijing 2008 Olympic Games. d) 過去完成時(shí)常用在no sooner than, hardly/scarcely/barely, rarely when，“一就”句型之中，句子倒裝。e.g.Scarcely had he opened the door when a gust of wind blew the candle out. 9. 將來完成時(shí)：表示在將來某一時(shí)間以前完成的動(dòng)作。e.g.By the time the next train arrives, the governor will have left.e.g.The scientist will have finished writing the article by the time you get back.10. 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：表示從過去某時(shí)刻一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作，這個(gè)動(dòng)作一般會(huì)繼續(xù)延續(xù)下去，或是到說話時(shí)結(jié)束，但是強(qiáng)調(diào)到說話時(shí)為止一直在做的動(dòng)作。e.g.The Rices have been waiting on the platform for ten minutes now without seeing her.歷年真題：1. No sooner had she entered the house _ the telephone rang. (2004-4-44)A. when B. than C. as D. while 2. By next year he _ in New York for five years. (2004-11-30) A. has worked B. has been working C. works D. will have worked3By the time you arrive this evening, _ for two hours. (2004-11-41) A. I will study B. I will have been studied C. I had studied D. I will have been studying 4. Since he left the university, he _ in a travel agency. (2006-4-16) A. has been working B. had worked C. had been working D. was working 5. Mrs. White became a teacher in 1985. She _ for twenty years by next summer. (2007-11-43) A. will teach B. would have taughtC. has been teaching D. will have been teaching6. In another year or so, you _ all about it. (2008-4-33) A. forget B. would forget C. have forgotten D. will have forgotten 練 習(xí)：1. In this experiment, they were wakened several times during the night and asked to report what they _. A. had just been dreaming B. have just been dreaming C. are just dreaming D. had just dreamt2. Not until the game had began _ at the sports ground. A. had he arrived B. would he have arrived C. did he arrive D. should he have arrived3. Until then, his family _ from him for six months. A. didnt hear B. hasnt been hearing C. hasnt heard D. hadnt heard4. The conference _ a full week by the time it ends. A. must have lasted B. will have lasted C. would last D. has lasted5. By the end of this month, we surely _ a satisfactory solution to the problem. A. have found B. will be finding C. will have foundD. are finding6. If you smoke in a non-smoking section, people _. A. have objected B. objected C. must object D. will object7. Pick me up at 8 oclock. I _ my bath by then. A. will have had B. will be having C. can have had D. my have8. It seems oil _ from this pipe for some time. Well have to take the machine apart to put it right. A. had leaked B. is leaking C. leaked D. has been leaking9. The Browns _ here, but not any more. A. were used to living B. had lived C. used to live D. had been living10. Bobs leg got hurt _ the Purple Mountains. A. While he is climbing up B. while we climbed up C. while he climbed up D. while we were climbing up11. Orlando, a city in Florida, _ for its main attraction, Magic Kingdom. A. which is well knownB. well known C. is well-knownD. being well known12. We _ our breakfast when an old man came to the door. A. just have had B. have just had C. just had D. had just had13. They will go home for winter vocation as soon as they _ their exams.A. have finished B. finish C. finished D. was finishing14. Joe fell and hurt himself while he _ tennis.A. was playing B. am playing C. play D. played 15. One of the guards _ when the general came in, which made him very angry.A. has slept B. were sleeping C. slept D. was sleeping 16. He has _ the army for ten years and is now an officer.A. gone into B. joined in C. been in D. come into17. The chemistry class _ for five minutes when we hurried there.A. had been onB. was on C. has been onD. would be on18. No sooner had we sat down _ we found it was time to go.A. than B. when C. as D. while19. By the end of last month, the workers _ 20,000 trees in the science and technology park. A. had planted B.have planted C. planted D. having been plant 20. By the end of next month, the workers _ two parking lots in this area.A. had built B.have build C. have built D. will have built 21. No sooner had the boss left the company than _. A. it began rain B. it began to raining C. it began to rain D. the weather began to rain22. Hardly had he finished his speech _ the audience started cheering. A. than B.when C.while D. then 23. No sooner had Susan entered the flat _ the doctor knocked at the door. A. when B. than C. as D. while 24. By the time John gets home, his aunt _.A. will have B. leaves C. will have left D. is leavingTranslation：1. 昨天晚上七點(diǎn)到九點(diǎn)他正在做作業(yè)。2. 天文學(xué)家們正在北京開會(huì)。3. 約翰過去常在河里游泳。 他現(xiàn)在習(xí)慣于住在巴黎的郊區(qū)。4. 到今年年底，比爾在這個(gè)石油公司工作五年了。5. 這個(gè)城市的三環(huán)路將在國慶節(jié)前通車。6. 講座馬上就要開始了。7. 我們大學(xué)的校長明天動(dòng)身去紐約。8. 外賓今晚到達(dá)濟(jì)南。9. 他說他想知道會(huì)議何時(shí)開始。10. 除了蘇珊外，我們班所有的同學(xué)都去過迪斯尼樂園了。11. 我表妹一到澳門就給我發(fā)email。12. 外出度假的風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣是最近30年形成的。答 案：歷年真題：1-5 BDDAD 6 D練 習(xí)：1-5 ACDBC 6-10 DADCD 11-15 CDBAD 16-20 CAAAD 21-24 CBBC翻 譯：1. He was doing his homework from seven to nine last night2. The astronomers are attending a conference in Beijing.3. John used to swim in the river. He is used to living in the suburb of Paris.4. By the end of this year, Bill will have worked in this oil company for 5 years. 5. The Third-Ring Road of this city is to be open to traffic before the Teachers Day.6. The lecture is about to begin.7. The president of our university is leaving for Greece tomorrow. 8. The agents are arriving in Hong Kong tonight. 9. He said he wanted to know when the conferenc would start.10. All of our classmates have been to the Disneyland except Susan. Many of our classmates have been to the Disneyland besides Susan.11. My cousin emailed me as soon as she arrived at Macao. 12. The custom of going away for ones holiday has grown up during the last thirty years.第二章 被動(dòng)語態(tài)be done vt. e.g. The new products are made in this factory. The new products were made in this factory.The new products have been made in this factory.The new products had been made in this factory.The new products are being made in this factory. The new products were being made in this factory.The new products will be made in this factory.The new products would be made in this factory.特殊例句：1. 含有直接賓語和間接賓語的句子He gave me a book. I was given a book. 或 A book was given to me.2. 短語動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)由動(dòng)詞+副詞、動(dòng)詞+介詞或動(dòng)詞+副詞+介詞構(gòu)成的短語動(dòng)詞也可以構(gòu)成被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，但要把它們看作整體，副詞或介詞通常不能與動(dòng)詞分開或省略。e.g. The poor child was laughed at by his classmates because he failed the exam. The meeting has been put off. The children are well looked after in our kindergarten. The doctor has been sent for.3. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài):構(gòu)成：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be+過去分詞。e.g. The new products can be made in this factory.The work must be finished before lunch.Nothing can be seen from here. 4. 用主動(dòng)表示被動(dòng):常用的及物動(dòng)詞有：want, need, require（此句型主語大多為物）e.g. The door needs painting. The door needs to be painted.歷年真題：1. Pierre often makes himself _ by gesturing with his hands. (2004-11-45) A. to understand B. understanding C. to be understoodD. understood 2. He _ when the bus came to a sudden stop. (2005-4-33)A. was almost hurtB. was almost to hurt himselfC. was almost hurt himselfD. was almost hurting himself 3. The goods _ when we arrived at the airport. (2006-4-22) A. were just unloading B. were just been unloading C. had just unloaded D. were just being unloaded4. To succeed in a scientific experiment, _. (2005-11-17) A. one needs being patient person B. patience is to need C. one needs to be patient D. patience is what needed 5. _, a form must be filled in. (2006-4-32) A. If you want to get this job B. In order to get this job C. Making request for this job D. To ask for this job6. A library with five thousand books _ to the nation as a gift. (2008-4-29) A. is offered B. has offered C. are offered D. have offered練 習(xí)：1. A great deal of research _ into the possible causes of cancer in recent years. A. has been done B. have been done C. have doing D. have done2. Much of London _ by fire in the seventeenth century. A. be destroyed B. were destroyed C. being destroyed D. was destroyed3. Three hundred houses _ by the end of next year. A. will have been built B .will be build C. will have been build D. will have built4. She was told that the examination _ on next Friday. A. will be give B. would be given C. would have been given D. will given 5. Ill have to push the car to the side of the road because we _if we leave it here. A. will be fined B. will fined C. will be fine D. will being fiend 6. The goods _ when we arrived at the airport. A. have spoken B. had just unloaded C. have been unloaded D. had just been unloaded7. John will have to go to work by bus as his car _. A. being repaired Bbe being repaired C. is being repaired D. is repaired8. English _ in many countries of the world. A. be spoken B. is spoke C. is being spokenD. is spoken9. This matter _ seriously. A. has never been considered B. has never been consider C. has never been considering D. having never 10. More experts _ to assist in the work next week. A. will be send B. will sent C.will be sent D.will being sent11. These assignments _ independently. A. must be finish B. must be finished C. must being finished D. must be finishes 12. When the power station _, thousands of people took part in the work.A. is being constructed B.was being constructed C. is constructed D. was constructed13. I think much attention _ to your pronunciation. A. must be paid B. must paying C. must pay D. must paid14. The policeman warned us that the old bridge _ away by the floods but he said that a temporary one _ soon. A. had been sweept, would be built B. has been swept, would be built C. had been swept, would be build D.had been swept, would be built15. If one _ by pride, he will reject useful advice and friendly assistance. A. is overcomed B. is overcome C. is overcame D. being overcome16. My room is in a mess. It needs _. A. to be tidying upB. tidying up C. to tidy up D. tidied upTranslation：1. 我們請人把機(jī)器修好了。2. 人們已要求牧師請人把這棵樹砍掉,但到現(xiàn)在他一直拒絕接受這個(gè)要求。3. 上個(gè)月教練要求我們每天爬山。4. 這家公司每年生產(chǎn)各種各樣的玩具，其中大部分銷往海外。5. 貨物必須九月底以前裝運(yùn)。6. 電視廣告通常一遍又一遍地重復(fù)播放。7. 這位心理學(xué)家使用了一種特殊的儀器來研究短時(shí)記憶。8. 有人建議他練習(xí)說英語。9. 孩子們在幼兒園受到保育員很好的照顧。10. 這個(gè)博物館是由福特博士在1998年從哈佛大學(xué)畢業(yè)后設(shè)計(jì)的。答 案：歷年真題：1-5 DADCA 6 A 練 習(xí)：1-5 ADABA 6-10 DCDAC 11-15 BBADB 16 B翻 譯：1. We have had the machine repaired.2. The priest has been asked to have the tree cut down, but so far he has refused to accept the requirement.3. Last month, we were made to go climbing every day by our coach / our coach made us go climbing every day. 4. All kinds of toys are produced / made in this factory every year and many of them are sold abroad. 5. The goods must be shipped before the end of September.6. Television ads are usually repeated over and over again.7. A special apparatus was used by the psychologist to study short-term memory. 8. He was advised to practise speaking English.9. The children are taken good care of in the kindergarten by the nurses.10. The museum was designed by Dr. Ford after his graduation from Harward in 1998.第三章 非謂語動(dòng)詞非謂語動(dòng)詞分三種，即：不定式，動(dòng)名詞和分詞。下面分三部分進(jìn)行介紹。I. 動(dòng)詞不定式：在句子中可以充當(dāng)主語、表語、賓語、補(bǔ)足語、狀語和定語。1. 動(dòng)詞不定式作主語e.g.To talk with him is a waste of time. It is a great pleasure to talk with him. To swim across the river is very dangerous for a young boy like him.2. 動(dòng)詞不定式作表語e.g.Our plan is to finish the work in two weeks.My job is raising pigs What we should do next is to discuss the problem.3. 動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語常用動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語的動(dòng)詞有decide, fail, know, plan, promise, refuse, want,wish, e.g.The athlete has decided to get the work done ahead of schedule. The mechanic promised not to tell anyone about it. The clerk told me that he wanted to study computer science abroad the next year.4. 動(dòng)詞不定式作賓補(bǔ)三個(gè)使役動(dòng)詞have, let,make，五個(gè)感官動(dòng)詞feel, hear, notice, see, watch,和help。e.g.Your mother wont let you play basketball after lunch. Jack would have me wait for him at the gate of the park.The professor heard the students read the text loudly in the classroom before class and then he praised them in class.The students were heard to read the text loudly in the classroom by the professor before class and then he praised them in class.The little boy is fat and his father makes him run on the playground every morning.The little boy is made to run on the playground every morning.5. 動(dòng)詞不定式作狀語e.g.To get the ticket, the football fans got up very early and went to cinema by taxi. The dentist hurried to the post office only to find that she had forgotten to bring the letter. To earn more money for his family, Robert sells newspapers in his spare time. I am pleased to receive your letter of May 21st . Jim is too