1994考研英語閱讀理解.doc

1994 Passage 1 The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. Private businessmen, striving to make profits, produce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen; and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and services are produced. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers. In the American economy, this mechanism is provided by a price system, a process in which prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-producers. If the products is in short supply relative to the demand, the price will be bid up and some consumers will be eliminated from the market. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product. Thus, price is the regulating mechanism in the American economic system.The important factor in a private-enterprise economy is that individuals are allowed to own productive resources (private property), and they are permitted to hire labor, gain control over natural resources, and produce goods and services for sale at a profit. In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.51. In line 8, paragraph 1, the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes means _.A Americans are never satisfied with their incomesB Americans tend to overstate their incomesC Americans want to have their incomes increasedD Americans want to increase the purchasing power of their incomes52. The first two sentences in the second paragraph tell us that _.A producers can satisfy the consumers by mechanized productionB consumers can express their demands through producersC producers decide the prices of productsD supply and demand regulate prices53. According to the passage, a private-enterprise economy is characterized by _.A private property and rights concernedB manpower and natural resources controlC ownership of productive resourcesD free contracts and prices54. The passage is mainly about _.A how American goods are producedB how American consumers buy their goodsC how American economic system worksD how American businessmen make their profits重點詞匯：market-oriented（以市場為導(dǎo)向的）market市場+orient定位+ed形容詞后綴。permit /pE(:)5mit/ （v.許可；許可證）即per+mit，per-(=through)，mit詞根“傳送”，故“允許傳送過去”許可。同根詞：admit（v.讓進入；承認）ad(=to)+mit；emit（v.散發(fā)，發(fā)射）e(=ex)+mit；transmit（v.傳播；傳導(dǎo)）trans(=through)+mit。Liberty is the right to do whatever the laws permit.自由就是做法律允許的任何事的權(quán)利。embrace /im5breis/ （v.擁抱；包含）即em+brace，em-(=in)，brace詞根“手臂”，故“使在手臂里”擁抱引申為“包含”。brace作單詞意為“v.支撐n.支柱”諧音“不累死”，因為累死就支撐不住了。Created by life, in definite circumstances, to act on definite things, how can it embrace life, of which it is merely an emanation or aspect?由生命創(chuàng)造，處于一定情況下，作用于一定事物，它（指科學(xué)）只是生命的一種釋放或一個方面，怎么能包括生命？coupled with 與相結(jié)合；bid up 哄抬物價；gain control over 獲得對的控制。難句解析：The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.這是一個有定語從句和賓語從句的復(fù)雜句。首先要抓住的核心句為The American economic system is organized around a. economy，economy前面的定語在開始閱讀時可以不看。在economy后面是一個以in which引導(dǎo)的定語從句in which consumers largely determine，而這個從句中又有一個賓語從句what shall be produced。在定語從句中又有一個by引導(dǎo)的分詞結(jié)構(gòu)spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most作狀語，說明消費者是如何決定應(yīng)生產(chǎn)何種產(chǎn)品，而這個方式狀語中又有一個定語從句that they want most。通過分析結(jié)構(gòu)我們知道此句的所有意思都是圍繞核心句的表語economy展開的，因此在閱讀中應(yīng)分層次，逐層理解對這一核心詞的陳述，分清主次，全面理解。Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.首先要抓住句首的thus，看到這個詞，就應(yīng)想到此句是前面敘述引出的結(jié)論。再看句子結(jié)構(gòu)，跳過狀語in the American economic system，先抓住這是一個強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)It is. that，因此所強調(diào)的部分是理解的重點，而它由三個平行成分組成，分別為the demand of individual consumers，the desire of businessmen to maximize profits和the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes，中間用coupled with和and連接。而在that后面的部分有兩個并列賓語從句what shall be produced和how resources are used to produce it接在動詞determine的后面。首先要抓住強調(diào)句型，并重點理解所強調(diào)的內(nèi)容，其次要理解句中最后一個it所指代的對象是what shall be produced。An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers.此句的結(jié)構(gòu)與第一句類似，只是表語的定語從句更加復(fù)雜。此句在理解中的難點是定語從句by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers，為了方便理解，我們可以將此句and后的部分由被動句改為主動句：by which consumer demands can be expressed and producers can respond to consumer demands，這樣就可以避免對responded to by producers的不理解。If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product.這是一個有條件狀語從句的主從句，從句由if引導(dǎo)，主體結(jié)構(gòu)為. producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost.，其中producing more of a commodity是一個分詞短語作主語，而主句以this為主語，里面包含一個定語從句which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product。此句在理解中的難點是句中代詞的指代關(guān)系，其中第一個its所指的是commodity，而主句的主語this所指的是整個條件狀語從句。主句中的定語從句也并不是修飾某一個特定的詞，而是指整個主句表達to increase the supply offered by seller-producers。In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.此句的主句結(jié)構(gòu)為the concept embraces not only. but also.。主要的難點在其賓語部分，是一個not only. but also.連接的并列結(jié)構(gòu)，而后面有一個長的補足語including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual。此句的難點為如何理解復(fù)雜賓語，注意在開始的時候先應(yīng)抓主句，可以先不理會逗號后面的補足語部分，然后再分析including后面的成分，同時要記住這一部分是修飾certain rights的。試題解析：51. D 該選擇項意為：美國人想增加其收入的購買力。文章第1段最后一句是從生產(chǎn)者與消費者兩方的愿望對照來說的，而且，該段第1句也首先陳述了該文所要談的內(nèi)容。A、C的意思是：美國人想增加其收入。這與本文的主旨不相符合，因為，工資關(guān)系反映的是勞資雙方的關(guān)系而不是生產(chǎn)者與消費者的關(guān)系。B中“overstate”意為“夸大、夸張”，這個選擇項的語義與文章的內(nèi)容不相干。在做這一題時，將“maximize”一詞的意思置入文章的上下文中考查極其重要。52. D 文章第2段第1、2句所表達的內(nèi)容是該段的主題：價格（的波動）是供求關(guān)系（生產(chǎn)者與消費者的關(guān)系）的反映。該段的最后一句也重述總結(jié)了這一主題。A中“mechanized”意為“機械化的”，而原文中“mechanism”意為“機制”。B原文第2段第1句中“by which”意指“by means of this mechanism”，即：通過這一機制反映出來；該句中的“by producers”則只與“responded to”有關(guān)，即：生產(chǎn)者對消費者的需要作出反應(yīng)。C所表達的內(nèi)容不正確，因為原句明確指出：價格為供求關(guān)系所調(diào)節(jié)。53. A 該項意為：私人財產(chǎn)（的擁有）及相應(yīng)的權(quán)利。原文第3段的兩句反復(fù)從這兩方面總結(jié)了美國資本主義私有制經(jīng)濟制度的特征。B意為：勞動力及自然資源的控制。與原文相差甚遠。C只表達了美國經(jīng)濟制度特征的一方面，因此，失之片面。D只強調(diào)了權(quán)力這一方面，因此，也是片面的。54. C 意為：美國經(jīng)濟的特征及其運行(work)。這是該文所主要闡明的內(nèi)容，這一主旨在文章的第1段第1、2句與第3段說得很明確。A、B、D文章的主旨不是產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)過程，也不是消費者如何購物，更不是商人如何賺錢。全文翻譯：從根本上說，美國經(jīng)濟體制是圍繞私有企業(yè)、在以市場為導(dǎo)向的經(jīng)濟基礎(chǔ)上建立起來的。在這種體制下需要生產(chǎn)什么在很大程度上是消費者通過到市場花錢購買他們最需要的商品和服務(wù)來決定的。為了獲取利潤，私有企業(yè)主在與他人競爭中生產(chǎn)這些產(chǎn)品，提供這些服務(wù)。在競爭的壓力下追求利潤的動機以及如何運作在很大程度上決定生產(chǎn)商品和提供服務(wù)的方式。因此，在美國經(jīng)濟體制中，消費者個人的需求，加上商人獲取最大利潤的追求及消費者想最大限度提高購買力的愿望三者共同決定應(yīng)該生產(chǎn)什么和如何利用資源來生產(chǎn)這些產(chǎn)品。市場型經(jīng)濟中的一個重要因素是反映消費者需求以及生產(chǎn)者對消費者需求作出反應(yīng)的機制。在美國經(jīng)濟中，這一機制是由價格體制體現(xiàn)的，價格隨消費者的相對需求與生產(chǎn)者的供應(yīng)情況而上下浮動。如果供不應(yīng)求，價格就上升，有些消費者就會被排擠出市場。另一方面，某種產(chǎn)品大量生產(chǎn)導(dǎo)致成本下降，產(chǎn)銷者提供的產(chǎn)品就會增加，這就會使價格下跌，那么，更多的消費者就購買該產(chǎn)品。因此，價格是美國經(jīng)濟體制中的調(diào)節(jié)機制。私有企業(yè)經(jīng)濟的一個重要因素是允許個人擁有生產(chǎn)資料（私有財產(chǎn)），允許他們雇用勞動力，控制自然資源，通過生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品、提供服務(wù)來獲取利潤。在美國經(jīng)濟中，私有財產(chǎn)的概念不僅包括生產(chǎn)資料的所有權(quán)，也包括一定的權(quán)利，比如，產(chǎn)品價格的決定權(quán)或與其他私有個體的自由簽約權(quán)。1994 Passage 2 One hundred and thirteen million Americans have at least one bank-issued credit card. They give their owners automatic credit in stores, restaurants, and hotels, at home, across the country, and even abroad, and they make many banking services available as well. More and more of these credit cards can be read automatically, making it possible to withdraw or deposit money in scattered locations, whether or not the local branch bank is open. For many of us, the cashless society is not on the horizon its already here.While computers offer these conveniences to consumers, they have many advantages for sellers too. Electronic cash registers can do much more than simply ring up sales. They can keep a wide range of records, including who sold what, when, and to whom. This information allows businessmen to keep track of their list of goods by showing which items are being sold and how fast they are moving. Decisions to reorder or return goods to suppliers can then be made. At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employees are the most efficient, allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly. And they also identify preferred customers for promotional campaigns. Computers are relied on by manufacturers for similar reasons. Computer-analyzed marketing reports can help to decide which products to emphasize now, which to develop for the future, and which to drop. Computers keep track of goods in stock, of raw materials on hand, and even of the production process itself.Numerous other commercial enterprises, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors, bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers.55. According to the passage, the credit card enables its owner to _.A withdraw as much money from the bank as he wishesB obtain more convenient services than other people doC enjoy greater trust from the storekeeperD cash money wherever he wishes to56. From the last sentence of the first paragraph we learn that _.A in the future all the Americans will use credit cardsB credit cards are mainly used in the United State todayC nowadays many Americans do not pay in cashD it is now more convenient to use credit cards than before57. The phrase ring up sales (line 2, paragraph 2) most probably means _.A make an order of goodsB record sales on a cash registerC call the sales managerD keep track of the goods in stock58. What is this passage mainly about?A Approaches to the commercial use of computers.B Conveniences brought about by computers in business.C Significance of automation in commercial enterprises.D Advantages of credit cards in business.重點詞匯：deposit /di5pCzit/ （v.n.存放；儲蓄；沉淀）即de+pos+it，de-向下，pos詞根“放”，it后綴，“放下它”。The mark of the historic is the nonchalance with which it picks up an individual and deposits him in a trend, like a house playfully moved in a tornado.歷史性事件的標志是冷漠，它拈起一個人置于某種趨勢中，使之像龍卷風(fēng)里的房子那樣兒戲般地翻滾。horizon /hE5raizn/ （地平線；眼界）。The horizon of life is broadened chiefly by the enlargement of the heart.生活的地平線主要由心胸的擴大而拓展。We all live under the same sky, but we dont all have the same horizon.我們都生活在同一個天空下，但我們并不都擁有同樣的地平線。convenience /kEn5vi:njEns/ （便利）即con+veni+ence，con-一起，veni詞根“來”，-ence名詞后綴，“需要的東西都一起提供”便利；convenient /kEn5vi:njEnt/ （便利的）con+veni+ent形容詞后綴。What a convenient and delightful world is this world of books.書籍的世界是多么便利而令人愉快啊！It is convenient that there be gods, and, as it is convenient, let us believe that there are.有上帝是方便的，既然如此，我們就相信有上帝吧。processor /5prEusesE/ （制造者；處理器）process處理+or；microprocessor（微處理器）micro+processor。難句解析：They give their owners automatic credit in stores, restaurants, and hotels, at home, across the country, and even abroad and they make many banking services available as well.此句是由and連接的兩個并列句，其中第一個句子結(jié)構(gòu)較復(fù)雜，有一個復(fù)雜的地點狀語in stores, restaurants, and hotels, at home, across the country, and even abroad，在閱讀時在此處可以適當?shù)丶涌焖俣?。此句在理解中的難點是短語give somebody credit，此處credit應(yīng)理解為“信用額度”，在英文中credit card意味著持卡人可以有一定的透支額度。Electronic cash registers can do much more than simply ring up sales. They can keep a wide range of records, including who sold what, when, and to whom.這兩個短句雖然簡單，但是由于其中包含有幾個短語，如do much more than.，ring up，electronic cash registers等，因此在閱讀中也存在一定的障礙，在我們不知道一個短語的確切意思的情況下，通過上下文來定位其大致意思就顯得非常重要。electronic cash registers意為“電子收銀并記錄”；do much more than的意思是“做的不只是”；ring up的意思可以從第一個短句的結(jié)構(gòu)中推出，第一個短句的結(jié)構(gòu)為A can do much more than simply B，我們知道A和B之間只存在程度上的差異，而本質(zhì)相同，因此ring up應(yīng)該與electronic cash registers意思相同或相近，應(yīng)為“收款，記錄”的意思。At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employers are the most efficient, allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly. And they also identify preferred customers for promotional campaigns.在第一個句子中包含有兩個并列賓語從句which hours are busiest and which employers are the most efficient，而在逗號后面的是一個分詞結(jié)構(gòu)，用來修飾主句。第一個句子中最后一個詞accordingly和第二個句子中的preferred是理解的重點。accordingly意為“相應(yīng)地”，而preferred是一個形容詞，不是prefer的過去分詞，意為“有優(yōu)先權(quán)的，優(yōu)先的”。Numerous other commercial enterprises, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors, bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers.本句中的主語有一個非常長的修飾成分from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors，在閱讀的時候，如果我們注意到它只是在逗號之間的補充說明成分，我們就可以先跳過去抓句子的主干成分。試題解析：55. B 文章的第1段利用一系列的實例說明了信用卡(credit card)給其使用者帶來的諸多方便，第2段第1句前半句總結(jié)概括了第1段的主題。A原文指出，信用卡的持有者可以不受地域和時間的限制存取錢，但這并不意味著愿取多少就取多少。C意為：（與不持有信用卡的人相比）享受更多的信譽，這是不符合事實的，事實上，無論是持信用卡還是持現(xiàn)金，顧客在購物時都享有同等的信譽。D意為：想在哪個地方兌換現(xiàn)金都可以。這也說得有些空泛，如：由一個銀行發(fā)放的信用卡未必適用于另一個銀行及其分行。56. C 原文第1段第4句指出：對許多美國人來說，“無現(xiàn)金社會”已經(jīng)來到，而不是將要來到(on the horizon)。A原句未指出是否所有美國人將都會使用信用卡。B這一選擇顯然是不正確的，信用卡的使用并非主要限于美國。D本文并未指出以前信用卡的使用不方便，因此，我們也無法作出任何比較。原句也沒這方面的含意。57. B “register”意為：記數(shù)器，記錄器。原句中ring up意為：將記錄在記數(shù)器內(nèi)，sales意為：銷售額。同一段后文指出：除了記錄銷售額以外，計算機在商業(yè)上還有更廣泛的用途，而記錄銷售額是電子收款機最基本的功能。A、C都不正確。D意為：跟蹤記錄現(xiàn)存貨物。58. B 本文的主旨陳述在最后一段，電子收款機與信用卡使用都是計算機在商業(yè)上應(yīng)用的實例，本文旨在指出計算機的應(yīng)用給使用者帶來的諸多方便。A本文不再去說明計算機如何在商業(yè)上使用而主要談?wù)撚嬎銠C在商業(yè)上的應(yīng)用所帶來的結(jié)果。C意為：商業(yè)自動化的意義。本文的著眼點不在“意義”上，而更重在說明計算機的應(yīng)用給生產(chǎn)者與消費者帶來的諸多方便。D文章的第1段列舉了信用卡的使用給消費者帶來的好處，但這并不是文章的主旨，作者僅僅是想通過信用卡這一例子來說明計算機的應(yīng)用給消費者帶來的諸多方便這一主旨。全文翻譯：1.3億美國人的手中至少持有一家銀行發(fā)行的信用卡。信用卡持有者可在商店、飯店、賓館，在當?shù)?、外地甚至國外賒購貨物，同時信用卡還可以使他們得到銀行提供的許多服務(wù)。越來越多的信用卡可以自動讀取，于是持卡人就可以在不同地方存取，不管本地支行是否營業(yè)。對于我們很多人來說，“無現(xiàn)鈔的社會”不是即將來臨，而是已經(jīng)到來。計算機為消費者提供諸多方便的同時，也給商家?guī)砗芏鄡?yōu)勢。電子收銀機能做的遠不止記錄銷售額，它們可進行各種各樣的記錄，包括誰賣了什么，何時賣的，賣給誰了。這些信息通過顯示銷售商品的種類和銷售速度，使商家能夠跟蹤和記錄它們的商品清單，然后做出決定是再定貨還是把商品退給供應(yīng)商。同時這些計算機記錄哪些時間段是高峰，哪些員工最有效率，進而就能對人員分配進行相應(yīng)的調(diào)整。此外，他們還確定理想的顧客群進行促銷活動?；谕瑯拥脑?，生產(chǎn)商們也依賴計算機。計算機分析的營銷報告能有助于決定目前應(yīng)重點生產(chǎn)哪些商品，將來開發(fā)哪些產(chǎn)品，哪些應(yīng)停止生產(chǎn)。計算機跟蹤庫存商品，現(xiàn)有原材料甚至生產(chǎn)過程本身。許多其他商業(yè)企業(yè)，從劇院到雜志社，從燃氣電器公司到牛奶加工廠都通過計算機的使用給消費者提供更好、效率更高的服務(wù)。1994 Passage 3 Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age. For these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences.Although we focus on the needs of exceptional children, we find ourselves describing their environment as well. While the leading actor on the stage captures our attention, we are aware of the importance of the supporting players and the scenery of the play itself. Both the family and the society in which exceptional children live are often the key to their growth and development. And it is in the public schools that we find the full expression of societys understanding the knowledge, hopes, and fears that are passed on to the next generation.Education in any society is a mirror of that society. In that mirror we can see the strengths, the weaknesses, the hopes, the prejudices, and the central values of the culture itself. The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.All men are created equal. Weve heard it many times, but it still has important meaning for education in a democratic society. Although the phrase was used by this countrys founders to denote equality before the law, it has also been interpreted to mean equality of opportunity. That concept implies educational opportunity for all children the right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity, whether that capacity be small or great. Recent court decisions have confirmed the right of all children disabled or not to an appropriate education, and have ordered that public schools take the necessary steps to provide that education. In response, schools are modifying their programs, adapting instruction to children who are exceptional, to those who cannot profit substantially from regular programs.59. In paragrah 2, the author cites the example of the leading actor on the stage to show that _.A the growth of exceptional children has much to do with their family and the societyB exceptional children are more influenced by their families than normal children areC exceptional children are the key interest of the family and societyD the needs of the society weigh much heavier than the needs of the exceptional children60. The reason that the exceptional children receive so much concern in education is