中考英語(yǔ)一名詞專題.doc

1.1名詞復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則變化 1.2其它名詞復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則變化 1.3名詞復(fù)數(shù)的不規(guī)則變化 1.4不可數(shù)名詞量的表示 1.5定語(yǔ)名詞的復(fù)數(shù) 1.6不同國(guó)家的人的單復(fù)數(shù) 1.7名詞的格1.1 名詞復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則變化 情況構(gòu)成方法讀音例詞一般情況加 -s清輔音后讀/s/map-maps濁輔音和元音后讀 /z/bag-bags /car-cars以s, sh, ch, x等結(jié)尾加 -es讀 /iz/bus-buses/ watch-watches以ce, se, ze,等結(jié)尾加 -s讀 /iz/license-licenses以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾變y 為i再加es讀 /z/baby-babies1.2 其它名詞復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則變化 1） 以y結(jié)尾的專有名詞，或元音字母+y 結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，直接加s變復(fù)數(shù)。例如： two Marys the Henrys monkey-monkeys holiday-holidays2）以o 結(jié)尾的名詞，變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)： a. 加s，如： photo-photospiano-pianos radio-radios zoo-zoos； b. 加es，如：potato-potatoestomato-tomatoesc. 上述a和b兩種方法均可，如zero-zeros / zeroes。 3) 以f或fe 結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)： a. 加s，如： belief-beliefs roof-roofssafe-safes gulf-gulfs b. 去f,fe 加ves，如：half-halves knife-knives leaf-leaveswolf-wolves wife-wives life-lives thief-thieves； c. 上述a和b兩種方法均可，如handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchieves。 1.3 名詞復(fù)數(shù)的不規(guī)則變化 1） child-children foot-feet tooth-teethmouse-mice man-men woman-women 注意：由一個(gè)詞加 man 或 woman構(gòu)成的合成詞，其復(fù)數(shù)形式也是 -men 和-women，如an Englishman，two Englishmen。但German不是合成詞，故復(fù)數(shù)形式為Germans；Bowman是姓，其復(fù)數(shù)是the Bowmans。2）單復(fù)同形，如deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese 但除人民幣的元、角、分外，美元、英鎊、法郎等都有復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters。3）集體名詞，以單數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)，但實(shí)為復(fù)數(shù)。例如：peoplepolicecattle 等本身就是復(fù)數(shù)，不能說(shuō) a people，a police，a cattle，但可以說(shuō)a person，a policeman，a head of cattle, the English，the British，the French，the Chinese，the Japanese，the Swiss 等名詞，表示國(guó)民總稱時(shí)，作復(fù)數(shù)用，如The Chinese are industries and brave.中國(guó)人民是勤勞勇敢的。4）以s結(jié)尾，仍為單數(shù)的名詞，如：a. maths，politics，physics等學(xué)科名詞，一般是不可數(shù)名詞，為單數(shù)。b. news 為不可數(shù)名詞。c. the United States，the United Nations 應(yīng)視為單數(shù)。The United Nations was organized in 1945. 聯(lián)合國(guó)是1945年組建起來(lái)的。d. 以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)的書名，劇名，報(bào)紙，雜志名，也可視為單數(shù)。例如：The Arabian Nights is a very interesting story-book.一千零一夜是一本非常有趣的故事書。5） 表示由兩部分構(gòu)成的東西，如：glasses （眼鏡）trousers,clothes等，若表達(dá)具體目，要借助數(shù)量詞 pair（對(duì)，雙）;suit（套）; a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers等。6）另外還有一些名詞，其復(fù)數(shù)形式有時(shí)可表示特別意思，如：goods貨物，waters水域，fishes（各種）魚。1.4 不可數(shù)名詞量的表示 1）物質(zhì)名詞a. 當(dāng)物質(zhì)名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為個(gè)體名詞時(shí)為可數(shù)。比較：Cake is a kind of food.蛋糕是一種食物。 （不可數(shù)）These cakes are sweet.這些蛋糕很好吃。 （可數(shù)）b. 當(dāng)物質(zhì)名詞表示該物質(zhì)的種類時(shí)，可數(shù)。例如：This factory produces steel.（不可數(shù)）We need various steels.（可數(shù)）c. 當(dāng)物質(zhì)名詞表示份數(shù)時(shí)，可數(shù)。例如：Our country is famous for tea. 我國(guó)因茶葉而聞名。Two teas, please. 請(qǐng)來(lái)兩杯茶。2）抽象名詞表示具體的事例時(shí)也可數(shù)。例如：four freedoms 四大自由 the four modernizations四個(gè)現(xiàn)代化物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞可以借助單位詞表一定的數(shù)量，如a glass of water 一杯水/ a piece of advice一則建議。1.5 定語(yǔ)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)名詞作定語(yǔ)一般用單數(shù)，但也有以下例外。1) 用復(fù)數(shù)作定語(yǔ)。例如：sports meeting 運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì) students reading-room 學(xué)生閱覽室talks table 談判桌 the foreign languages department 外語(yǔ)2）man, woman, gentleman等作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，其單復(fù)數(shù)以所修飾的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)而定。例如：men workerswomen teachersgentlemen officials3有些原有s結(jié)尾的名詞，作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，s保留。例如：goods train （貨車） arms produce武器生產(chǎn)customs papers 海關(guān)文件 clothes brush 衣刷4） 數(shù)詞+名詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，這個(gè)名詞一般保留單數(shù)形式。例如：two-dozen eggs兩打雞蛋 a ten-mile walk 十英里路two-hundred trees 兩百棵樹 a five-year plan.一個(gè)五年計(jì)劃1.6 不同國(guó)籍人的單復(fù)數(shù) 國(guó)籍總稱（謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)）單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)中國(guó)人the Chinesea Chinese two Chinese瑞士人the Swissa Swisstwo Swiss澳大利亞人the Australians an Australiantwo Australians俄國(guó)人the Russiansa Russiantwo Russians意大利人the Italiansan Italiantwo Italians希臘人the Greeka Greektwo Greeks法國(guó)人the Frencha Frenchmantwo Frenchmen日本人the Japanesea Japanesetwo Japanese美國(guó)人the Americansan Americantwo Americans印度人the Indiansan Indiantwo Indians加拿大人the Canadiansa Canadiantwo Canadians德國(guó)人the Germansa Germanstwo Germans英國(guó)人the Englishan Englishmantwo Englishmen瑞典人the Swedisha Swedetwo Swedes 1.7 名詞的格 英語(yǔ)中有些名詞可以加s來(lái)表示所有關(guān)系，帶這種詞尾的名詞形式稱為該名詞的所有格，如：a teachers book。名詞所有格的規(guī)則如下：1）單數(shù)名詞詞尾加s，復(fù)數(shù)名詞詞尾沒(méi)有s，也要加s，如the boys bag 男孩的書包，mens room 男廁所。2）若名詞已有復(fù)數(shù)詞尾-s ，只加 ，如：the workers struggle工人的斗爭(zhēng)。3）凡不能加s的名詞，都可以用名詞+of +名詞的結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)表示所有關(guān)系，如：the title of the song 歌的名字。4）在表示店鋪或教堂的名字或某人的家時(shí)，名詞所有格的后面常常不出現(xiàn)它所修飾的名詞，如：the barbers 理發(fā)店。5）如果兩個(gè)名詞并列，并且分別有s，則表示分別有；只有一個(gè)s，則表示共有。例如：Johns and Marys rooms（兩間）John and Marys room（一間）復(fù)合名詞或短語(yǔ)，s 加在最后一個(gè)詞的詞尾。例如：a month or twos absence名詞復(fù)數(shù)的特殊變化。普通名詞的復(fù)數(shù)我們知道是直接加-s或 -es，a. class, box, watch, brush等詞以 s, x, ch, sh, 結(jié)尾，復(fù)數(shù)要加-es;b. story, factory 等以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的詞復(fù)數(shù)要先將-y 變成-i再加-es;c. knife, wife, life等以-f 或-fe結(jié)尾的詞一般先將-f或-fe變?yōu)?v, 再加-es;d. 以-o結(jié)尾的名詞，一般來(lái)說(shuō)，末尾是元音字母+o 的詞加-s，我們學(xué)過(guò)的有radio,zoo。末尾是輔音字母+o的詞，變復(fù)數(shù)加-es。如：tomato, hero, potato，當(dāng)然其中的piano 和photo，又是一個(gè)例外，他們的結(jié)尾只能加-s。e. child(children), foot(feet), tooth(teeth), mouse(mice), man(men ), woman(women )等詞的復(fù)數(shù)變化全不遵循規(guī)則。注意：與 man 和 woman構(gòu)成的合成詞，其復(fù)數(shù)形式也是 -men 和-women。如：an Englishman，two Englishmen. 但German不是合成詞，故復(fù)數(shù)形式為 Germans;f. deer，sheep等詞單復(fù)數(shù)同形。 people，police，cattle 等詞，以單數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)，但實(shí)為復(fù)數(shù)，所以它們的謂語(yǔ)當(dāng)然也是復(fù)數(shù)形式，這就是集體名詞。the English，the French，the Chinese等名詞表示國(guó)民總稱時(shí)，也作復(fù)數(shù)用。注意：maths，politics，physics等學(xué)科名詞,雖然以-s結(jié)尾，仍為不可數(shù)名詞。還有theUnited States(美國(guó))，the United Nations(聯(lián)合國(guó))等應(yīng)視為單數(shù)。別奇怪，名詞有時(shí)也可以作定語(yǔ)的。它作定語(yǔ)時(shí)一般用單數(shù)，但也有以下例外。a. man, woman等作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，它的單復(fù)數(shù)以其所修飾的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)而定。如：menworkers， women teachers。b. 數(shù)詞+名詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，這個(gè)名詞一般保留單數(shù)形式,中間加連字符。如：a ten-mile walk十里路，two-hundred trees 兩百棵樹名詞練習(xí)（ ）1. Mr. Black is _. But he likes to drive a _ car.A. English; Chinese B. an English; ChinaC. an England; Chinas D. English; Japan（ ）2. Lily and Lucy are from _.A. English B. ChineseC. England D. French（ ）3.-Can you buy some eggs for dinner, mum?-Oh, no. There are _ on the table.A. a box of egg B. two boxes of eggsC. two boxes of egg D. a boxes of eggs（ ）4. The bus station is about five _ from his home.A. hundred meter B. hundreds of meterC. hundred meters D. hundreds of meters（ ）5. Our math teacher has _ daughter.A. a 8-year-old B. an 8-years-oldC. an 8-year-old D. an 8-year-olds（ ）6. It will take us _ walk to get there.A. one hour and a half B. one and a half hourC. one and half hours D. one and a half hours（ ）7. There are many _ in our school.A. woman teachers B. man teachersC. women teachers D. mens teachers（ ）8. There must be something wrong with her _because she cant see things clearly.A. eyesB. earsC. nose D. face（ ）9. How many _ are there in your family?A. peoplesB. peopleC. man D. woman（ ）10. In the picture you can see a _ and many _.A. cat, sheeps B. cat, sheep C. sheep, cat D. cats, sheeps（ ）11. Those _ stole a few _ yesterday.A. thiefs, fishes B. thieves, fishC. thiefs, fishes D. thief, fish（ ）12. She is always complaining because_ people can get on well with her.A. fewB. littleC. a few D. a little（ ）13. The room is too small, theres no enough _for another chair.A. roomsB. roomC. place D. spaces（ ）14. How many _ are there in these _?A. tomatoes, photo B. tomatoes, photosC. potato, photos D. potatoes, photo（ ）15. The little boy has two _.A. geese B. toothC. dog D. cat（ ）16. In order to keep fit, you should eat _ fast food and _ fresh vegetables.A. fewer, fewer B. less, moreC. more, less D. many; little（ ）17. Im thirsty. Id like to drink some _.A. waterB. breadC. eggs D. meat（ ）18. Let the children go away. Theyre making so much _ here.A. noise B. voiceC. sounds D. volume（ ）19. What _ it is today!A. a nice weather B. nice weatherC. nice a weather D. good a climate（ ）20. I want _ and two apples for lunch.A. a piece of bread B. two piece of breadsC. two piece of bread D. a pieces of bread（ ）21.-How many_ would you like?-Two.A. cups of coffee B. cups of teasC. cup of teas D. cup of coffee（ ）22. Jack won the boys _ race in our school sports meeting yesterday.A. 1500-metre B.1500-metresC.1500-metres D. 3000 meters （ ）23. I like that son of _.A. Jims sister B. Jim sistersC. Jims sisters D. sisters Jim（ ）24. You must finish the work in_.A. two weeks time B. two weeks timeC. two weeks time D. one weekstime（ ）25. This is _ room. Come in, please.A. John and Joy B. John and Joys C. Johns and Joys D. Johns and Joy（ ）26. That man is_.A. a friend of my father B. my father friendC. a friend of my fathers D. one of my father friend（ ）27. _ Day is on September 10th.A. Teacher B. TeachersC. Teachers D. Childrens （ ）28. Nancy was very happy because she _in the English test.A. made a little mistakesB. made a few mistakesC. made few mistakes D. made little mistakes （ ）29. She got much _ from the newspaper.A. ideas B. leaves C. information D. stories（ ）30. She gave us_ on how to keep fit.A. few advices B. some advice C. an advice D. some suggestion （ ）31 -Would you like to drink _ tea? -No, thanks. Id like _.A. any, bottles of orange B. some, a bottle of orangeC. many, bottles of orange D. few, a bottle of oranges（ ）32. Some _ came to our city for a visit yesterday.A. Germans B. Germen C. Frenchman D. American（ ）33. That table is made of_.A. glass B. glasses C. some glasses D. some woods（ ）34. She has read_ of the good-looking writer.A. works B. work C. job D. career（ ）35. How many_ were there on the road when the accident happened?A. policeman B. polices C. police D. peoples（ ）36. I write most of my_ in French.A. business letter B. business letters C. businesses D. businesses letters（ ）37. Excuse me, where is the_?A. womans room B. women room C. mens rooms D. men rooms（ ）38 The basketballs under the bed are_.A. Lily and Lucy B. Lilys and Lucys C. Lilys and Lucy D. Lily and Lucys（ ）39. In a few_ time, those old houses will be pulled down.A. year B. years C. years D. years（ ）40. This is a pencil of _.A. Tom B. Toms C. her D. him（ ）41. After five years, all these youngsters became_.A.growns-ups B. growns-upC.grown-up D. grown-ups（ ）42. The police asked those _ about the accident.A.stander-by B. standers-by C. stander-bys D. standers-bys（ ）43.All the people at the meeting are _.A. mathematics teacher B. physics teacherC .mathematics teachers D. physicss teachers（ ）44.-Do you have _ to tell me? No, nothing.A. something else B. anything elseC. else anything D. else something （ ）45.After he checked up my _ heart, the doctor advised him to rest for a few weeks.A. father-in-lawsB. fathers-in-lawC. father-in-law D.fathers-in-laws（ ）46. He had his hair cu