閱讀理解主題概括題解題技巧.doc

閱讀理解主題概括題解題技巧在高考閱讀理解中，主題概括類試題的考查占有十分重要的位置。掌握所讀材料的主旨和大意也是英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和考試說明對考生的基本要求之一。只有通過閱讀掌握了文章的主題，才能正確理解文章，進(jìn)而根據(jù)文章的事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)推測作者的態(tài)度和觀點(diǎn)。 主題概括題主要考查學(xué)生把握全文主題和理解中心思想的能力。根據(jù)多年的備考及高考實(shí)踐，我們可以分析出閱讀理解主題概括類題目的一般范圍是：基本論點(diǎn)、文章標(biāo)題、主題或段落大意等。它要求考生在理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上能較好地運(yùn)用概括、判斷、歸納、推理等邏輯思維的方法，對文章進(jìn)行高度的概括或總結(jié)，屬于高層次題。擬題大致有以下一些提問方式：The text is mainly about _.The main ideaThe general ideaThe main purpose is .Whats the main point the writer is trying to make in the last paragraph?What would be the best title /headline for the text?This article mainly tells about the story of _.What is the topic of the text?The writers purpose in writing this story is _.The subject discussed in this text is _.What does the second paragraph discuss?The paragraph (passage) deals with _.Which of the following best summarizes the passage？從以上具體的提問形式可知此類題目可概括為兩大類，即怎樣理解段落及文章整體的中心思想和怎樣擬定或選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)奈恼聵?biāo)題。下面結(jié)合高考題實(shí)例來具體分析此類題目的解題技巧。一、段落及文章整體的主題大意的理解文章是由段落組成的，段落是發(fā)展一個主題（topic）的一群句子，段落的主題就是段落的中心思想。而就一整篇文章而言，具體段落的中心思想又是為文章整體的中心思想服務(wù)的。尋找具體段落的中心思想的方法是：通過分析篇章結(jié)構(gòu)，找出每小段的主題句，通過主題句找出文章主題。主題句通常有這樣的特點(diǎn)：有一個話題（topic）；有闡述控制性概念（controlling idea），通常在段落的首句或尾句，偶爾也可在一段的中間；有的文章無明顯主題句，主題句隱含在段意之中，這就需要讀者進(jìn)一步加工概括了。解這類試題應(yīng)根據(jù)以下幾個步驟，掌握此類題的解題技巧：1. 尋找主題句，確定文章主題在許多情況下，尤其在閱讀說明文和議論文時，根據(jù)其篇章特點(diǎn)我們可以通過尋找短文的主題句來歸納出文章的主題。主題句在文章中的位置通常有三種情況：開頭、中間、結(jié)尾（含在開頭結(jié)尾同時出現(xiàn)、首尾呼應(yīng)的主題句）。因此仔細(xì)閱讀這類文章或段落的首尾句是關(guān)鍵。做主題概括類試題多采用瀏覽法（skimming），瀏覽時，一般不需逐句瀏覽，只需選讀文章的首段, 尾段或每段的首句和尾句,重點(diǎn)搜索主題線索和主題信息。例 2004上海高考試題閱讀C篇We are all interested in equality, but while some people try to protect the school and examination system in the name of equality, others, still in the name of equality, want only to destroy it.Any society which is interested in equality of opportunity and standards of achievement must regularly test its pupils. The standards may be changedno examination is perfectbut to have to tests or examinations would mean the end of equality and of standards. There are groups of people who oppose this view and who do not believe either in examinations or in any controls in school or on teachers. This would mean that everything would depend on luck since every pupil would depend on the efficiency, the values and the purpose of each teacher.Without examinations, employers will look for employees from the highly respected schools and from families known to thema form of favourtism will replace equality. At the moment, the bright child from an illrespected school can show certificates to prove he or she is suitable for a job, while the lake of certificate indicates the unsuitability of a dull child attending a wellrespected school. This defend of excellence and opportunity would disappear if examinations were taken away, and the bright child form a poor family would be a prisoner of his or her schools reputation, unable to compete for employment with the child from the favoured school.The opponents of the examination system suggest that examinations are an evil force because they show differences between pupils. According to these people, there must be no special, different, academic class. They have even suggested that there should be no form of difference in sport or any other area: all jobs or posts should be filled by unsystematic selection. The selection would be made by people who themselves are probably selected by some computer.85. The passage mainly focuses on _.A. schools and certificates B. examination and equalityC. opportunity and employment D. standards and reputation主題分析 文章第一句We are all interested in equality, but while some people try to protect the school and examination system in the name of equality, others, still in the name of equality, want only to destroy it.即點(diǎn)明文章的主題句：從正反兩方面討論考試作為一種升學(xué)就業(yè)的手段的公平性及其合理性。所以第85題答案為B“考試與公平”。有些文章的主題句或者說“文眼”出現(xiàn)在文章的最后，此類文章往往以列舉事實(shí)開頭，通過論證，最后闡述核心觀點(diǎn)，或者引用某個人的話印證自己的觀點(diǎn)，以此歸納文章的主旨大意，所以有時要找出這樣的信息，從中提煉標(biāo)題或歸納大意。2 抓住文章段落大意，概括中心思想尋找整篇文章的中心思想的方法是建立在尋找具體段落中心的基礎(chǔ)上的。各段落中心句的整體歸納便是文章的中心思想。在這個過程中，考生們不能只依據(jù)只言片語、一枝一節(jié)，或光看文章的某一些段落，而應(yīng)該觀察全文的結(jié)構(gòu)安排；理解文章濃墨重筆寫的“重心”；考慮文章的組織材料及支撐性細(xì)節(jié)是服務(wù)于什么的；分析故事的發(fā)展結(jié)局都是圍繞什么內(nèi)容來表達(dá)中心的；最后用簡明扼要的文字將文章的中心思想表達(dá)出來。例 2002北京春季B篇There are three separate sources of danger in supplying energy by nuclear power（原子能） First，the radioactive material must travel from its place of production to the power stationAlthough the power stations themselves are strongly built，the containers used for the transport of the materials are notNormally，only two methods of transport are in use，namely road or railUnfortunately，both of these may have an effect on the general public，since they are sure to pass near，or even through，heavily populated areasSecond，there is the problem of wasteAll nuclear power stations produce wastes that in most cases will remain radioactive for thousands of yearsIt is impossible to make these wastes nonradioactive，and so they must be stored in one of the inconvenient ways that scientists have inventedFor example，they may be buried under the ground，or dropped into deserted mines， or sunk in the seaHowever，these methods do not solve the problem，since an earthquake could easily break the containersThird，there may occur the danger of a leak（泄漏）or an explosion at the power stationAs with the other two dangers，this is not very likely，so it does not provide a serious objection to the nuclear programHowever，it can happenSeparately，these three types of dangers are not a great cause for worryTaken together， though，the probability of disaster（災(zāi)難）is extremely high64. What is the passage about？A Uses of nuclear powerB Dangers from nuclear powerC Public anger at nuclear powerD Accidents caused by nuclear power主題分析 第一段點(diǎn)明全文主旨：There are three separate sources of danger in supplying energy by nuclear power（原子能）.為文章的主題句。接著從三個方面論述主題：First，Second，Third ，段首第一句分別為各段的主題句，層次分明，結(jié)構(gòu)清晰，最后一段作者進(jìn)一步歸納全文大意：Dangers from nuclear power。此題答案為B。3 抓住文章主線和關(guān)鍵詞語，歸納文章中心要注意不是所有的段落都有主題句，有時主題句暗含在句中。閱讀這樣的文章，就需要自己根據(jù)文章的細(xì)節(jié)來分析，概括出段落的主題，從而推導(dǎo)出文章的主旨。分析的方法是，先弄清該段落主要講了那幾方面的內(nèi)容，這些內(nèi)容在邏輯上有什么聯(lián)系，然后加以歸納形成主題。例 NMET1999全國卷A篇51題Tom Brennan was working in a Philadelphia office building when he noticed a black bag. The bag contained a book.This chance discovery ended a 12-day search by the Library Company of Philadelphia for a historical treasurea 120-page diary kept 190 years age by Deborah Logan, “a woman who knew everybody in her day,”James Green,the librarian told the magazine American Libraries.Most of the diary is a record of big events in Philadelphia,It also includes a description of British soldiers burning Washington.D. C in the war of 1812.She describes President James Madison on horseback as “perfectly shaking with fear” during the troubled days. George Washington, she writes, mistook her for the wife of a French man， and praised her excellent EnglishThe adventure of the lost book began September 4 when Cory Luxmoore arrived from England to deliver the diary of his ancestor(祖先)to the Library Company, which he and his wife considered to be the best home for the diary.Green told American Libraries he had the diary in his possession “about five minutes” when Luxmoore took it back because he had promised to show it to one other person. On returning to his hotel after showing the precious book to Green, Luxmoore was shocked to realize that he had left it in the taxi.Without any delay, Green began calling every taxi company in the city, with no luck, “Ive felt sick since then, ”Luxmoore told reporters.According to Green， no one has yet learned how the diary came to the office building.Tom Brennan received a reward(獎勵)of 1,000,Philadelphia gained another treasure for its history, and Luxmoore told reporters, “Its wonderful news. Im on high”.51. This article mainly tells about the story of _.A. A lost diary B. DeborahC. Cory Luxmoore D. The Library Company主題分析 解題時必須首先理順文章時間順序：1. Deborah Logan kept a 120-page diary 190 years ago.2. Cory Luxmoore delivered the diary to the library Company.3. James Green, the librarian, had the diary in his possession about five minutes.4. Cory Luxmoore left the diary in the taxi.5. Tom Brennan noticed a black bag， which contained a book (the diary).從以上的時間順序中，可以清楚地看到整個時間段內(nèi)所發(fā)生的事情均與the diary有關(guān)，是貫穿全文的主線，故此題應(yīng)選A。二、 文章標(biāo)題的選擇或擬定標(biāo)題位于文章之首，用來高度概括文章內(nèi)容，點(diǎn)明文章主題。它是段落中心思想的最精煉的表達(dá)形式。文章標(biāo)題可以是單詞，短語，也可以是句子。標(biāo)題可幫助讀者迅速推測出整篇文章的主要內(nèi)容，抓住文章討論的中心，把握作者的觀點(diǎn)和意圖。它的特點(diǎn)是：短小精悍，多為一短語；涵蓋性強(qiáng)，一般要求能覆蓋全文，其確定的范圍要恰當(dāng)，既不能太大，也不能太小，恰如帽子，太大能遮太陽卻也遮了眼睛，太小則發(fā)揮不了應(yīng)起的作用且風(fēng)一吹必跑；精確性強(qiáng)，不能隨意改變語言表意的程度及色彩。那么如何選擇文章的標(biāo)題呢？1. 要在閱讀原文的基礎(chǔ)上，仔細(xì)考慮這句話或短語與文章主題是否有密切的聯(lián)系；2. 再看它對文章的概括性或覆蓋面如何；3. 要注意題目是過大還是過??；4. 要避免下列三種錯誤：概括不夠（多表現(xiàn)為部分代整體，從而導(dǎo)致范圍太?。贿^度概括（多表現(xiàn)為人為擴(kuò)大范圍）；以事實(shí)、細(xì)節(jié)替代抽象具體的大意。要恰當(dāng)?shù)剡x好標(biāo)題，還需要了解標(biāo)題的基本擬定方式。一般來說，標(biāo)題的擬定方式是：以話題為核心，將控制性概念的詞按一定的語法濃縮為概括主題句句意或中心思想的詞組。比如某一文章的中心句子為： Coffee is a universal beverage that is served in different ways around the world話題：Coffee控制性概念：is a universal beverage that is served in different ways around the world標(biāo)題：Coffee Around the World例 2005北京B篇Good tool design is important in the prevention of overuse injuries. Well-designed tools and equipment will require less force to operate them and prevent awkward（別扭的）hand positions. They will allow the worker to keep the elbows（肘）next to the body to prevent damage to the shoulder and arm.Overuse injuries can therefore be prevented or reduced if the employer provides, and workers use:power tools rather than having to use muscle（肌肉）powertools with specially designed handles that allow the wrist（手腕）to keep straight(See figure 1). This means that hands and wrists are kept in the same position as they would be if they were hanging relaxed at a persons sideFigure l. Bend the tool, not the wristtools with handles that can be held comfortably by the whole hand. This means having a selection of sizes-remember that tools that provide a comfortable firm hold for a person with a very large hand may be awkward for someone with a very small hand. This is a particularly important consideration for women who may use tools originally designed for men.tools that do not press fingers (or flesh) between the handles, and whose handles do not have sharp edges or a small surface area.60 What is the best title for the passage?A Good Tool Design for Women.B Importance of Good Tool Design.C Tool Design and Prevention of Injuries.D Overuse of Tools and Worker Protection.主題分析 本文是一篇說明文，Good tool design is important in the prevention of overuse injuries.句首第一句先點(diǎn)明文章的主題，“工具的良好設(shè)計在防止傷害方面是非常重要的”。下面一段則分別說明了好的工具設(shè)計的幾項(xiàng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。從此可知考題第60題答案為C。選項(xiàng)A和B對文章主題“概括不夠”。選項(xiàng)D與主題無關(guān)。有些文章像記敘文，主題思想不是通過一兩句話就可以表達(dá)的。這時就需要通過閱讀全文，抓關(guān)鍵字眼或主要話題來歸納文章主題。例2005全國III卷A篇Every year on my birthday, from the time I turned 12, a white gardenia was delivered to my house. No card came with it. Calls to the flower-shop were not helpful at all. After a while I stopped trying to discover the senders name and just delighted in the beautiful white flower in soft pink paper.But I never stopped imagining who the giver might be. Some of my happi