福建省南安一中高一英語(yǔ) 語(yǔ)法梳理之非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞.doc

福建省南安一中高一英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法梳理之非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法里，動(dòng)詞有謂語(yǔ)形式和非謂語(yǔ)形式之分。謂語(yǔ)形式，即在句子中充當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞形式，可以參考時(shí)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài)梳理的謂語(yǔ)形式的表格，謂語(yǔ)形式根據(jù)時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)而變化。非謂語(yǔ)形式，即在句中充當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)以外的其他成分的動(dòng)詞形式。非謂語(yǔ)形式也根據(jù)時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)而變化。以下主要以例子形式來(lái)說(shuō)明動(dòng)詞非謂語(yǔ)形式的使用。i. to do 主動(dòng)態(tài)被動(dòng)態(tài)一般式to writeto be written進(jìn)行時(shí)to be writing完成式to have writtento have been writeen說(shuō)明：在句中起名詞、形容詞或副詞的作用，同時(shí)可以帶賓語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)。例：at the 2004 athens olympic games, liu xiang excited people all over asia when he became the first asian to win the gold medal in the mens 110-metre hurdles.(不定式起形容詞作用，即作后置定語(yǔ)，同時(shí)帶有賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)) 不定式的功能和用法：可以充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)。1. 作主語(yǔ) （指一件事）to see is to believe. 眼見(jiàn)為實(shí)。to climb the mountain road was hard work but to go down the hills was great fun.上山很艱難，而下山卻很好玩。its no easy to find your way around the town. 在這個(gè)小鎮(zhèn)要找到路很不容易。(it 作形式主語(yǔ)，真正的主語(yǔ)是to find your way around the town.)2. 作表語(yǔ) （指一件事）his ambition is to become an architect.他的理想是成為一名建筑師。the aim of the program is to help the homeless. its aim is for people to be happy, so that there are no more wars or violence.政府的目的是造福人民，這樣世界就不會(huì)有更多的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)和暴力。3. 作賓語(yǔ)（指一件事）（常接to do作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有：afford, agree, aim, ask, bear, begin, bother,care, choose, continue, dare, demand, decide, desire, determine, expect, fail, forget, hate, help, hesitate, hope, intend, learn, like, long, love, manage, mean, need, offer, plan, pretend, refuse, remember, try, wait, want, wish等。）he was very happy to meet two foreigners and wanted to learn all about europe.他很高興遇到兩個(gè)外國(guó)人，于是想全面了解歐洲。would you love to go to a party and talk confidently to every guest?你是否愿意參加聚會(huì)并自信地和每位來(lái)賓交談？he felt it necessary to learn spanish.他覺(jué)得而有必要學(xué)習(xí)西班牙語(yǔ)。（it作形式賓語(yǔ)，不定式to learn spanish為真正的賓語(yǔ)）4. 作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)he asked me to do the work with him.（有些動(dòng)詞后面常常跟to do 作賓補(bǔ): force, encourage, expect, wish, drive, lead, cause, allow, advise, requir等）（有些動(dòng)詞后常跟to be作賓補(bǔ)： believe, consider, find, guess, judge, prove, realize, suppose, think等)在look at, watch, notice, observe, see, have, let, make, hear, listen to, feel,“五看三使兩聽(tīng)一感覺(jué)”后面接的賓補(bǔ)，不定式不帶to. i noticed someone enter the room.5. 作定語(yǔ)(要后置)the farmers thought of ways to protect their crops.the football team has little chance to win the game.she usually has a lot of meetings to attend in the evening.there is nothing to worry about. (如果所修飾名詞或代詞是不定式動(dòng)作的地點(diǎn)、工具等，不定式后的動(dòng)詞須有相應(yīng)的介詞)he is looking for a room to live in.6. 作狀語(yǔ) (表目的，結(jié)果或原因)i came here to see you.we turned the lights off in order not to waste electricity. （可以用in order to 或so as to）check your paper so as to avoid mistakes.we were very excited to hear the news. (原因) he hurried to the school to find nobody there. (結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)，還可以用so. as to., such. as to., enough to., only to., too.to.等結(jié)構(gòu)) he arrived at the station too late to catch the early train. 他太晚到火車(chē)站，沒(méi)有趕上早班火車(chē)。 she is always too willing to help others. （此句中不是否定意義，她總是很樂(lè)意幫助他人。）注意不定式有不同的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài) i plan to attend the meeting to be held tomorrow. (被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)) he pretended to be sleeeping when i came in.（進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)） he seems to have bought the new book.（完成時(shí)態(tài)）ii. doing(動(dòng)名詞) 主動(dòng)態(tài)被動(dòng)態(tài)一般式writingbeing written完成式having writtenhaving been written we are interested in playing chess. im sorry for not having kept my promise. he narrowly escaped being hit by the brick. the house showed no sign of having been damaged.動(dòng)名詞的功能和用法：可以充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)。1. 作主語(yǔ)（指一件事） seeing is believing. collecting stamps is my hobby. it is no use arguing with him.(it 作形式主語(yǔ)，動(dòng)名詞是真正的主語(yǔ))2. 作表語(yǔ) （指一件事）動(dòng)名詞：his job is teaching. （說(shuō)明“一件事”）現(xiàn)在分詞：the job is interesting. (說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的特性)3. 作賓語(yǔ) (介詞或動(dòng)詞、動(dòng)詞詞組后) （指一件事）he is fond of playing football.we dont allow smoking here.he finished reading the book yesterday.有些動(dòng)詞或詞組常接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)：admit, appreciate, avoid, confess(承認(rèn))，consider, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, ensure, escape (being done), excuse, fancy(喜歡),feel like, finish, forgive, give up, imagine, involve, include, keep, mention, mind, miss, pardon, postpone, practise, put off, quit, risk, suggest, cant help（禁不?。? cant resist(忍不住), cant stand(無(wú)法忍受)注：動(dòng)詞need, require, want作“需要”解，deserve作“應(yīng)得”解，后面接doing 或to be donethe windows need cleaning/ to be cleaned.4. 作定語(yǔ)動(dòng)名詞：the reading room is upstairs. (說(shuō)明功能、用途)現(xiàn)在分詞：the crying baby is her little brother.(表主動(dòng)、進(jìn)行)5. 動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)toms /his coming is what we have expected.she didnt mind jack/him coming late.they insist on toms/ his staying longer.iii. 分詞主動(dòng)形式被動(dòng)形式現(xiàn)在分詞一般式 (動(dòng)作和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作幾乎同時(shí))writingbeing written現(xiàn)在分詞完成式（動(dòng)作先于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作）having writtenhaving been written過(guò)去分詞writtenbeing a student, he was interested in books.having studied in the university for 3 years, he knows the place very well.the question being discussed is important.having been criticized by the teacher, li ming gave up smoking.分詞的功能和用法：可以充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。1. 作定語(yǔ)if you see soldiers wearing sky-blue helmets, they are united nations peacekeepers.i travel to unusual places and meet interesting people from all over the world.english is now an international language, spoken by about 750 million people.this is a technique used by djs in jamaica.youd better drink boiled water instead of the soft drink.do you see the burning bus on the bridge?2. 作狀語(yǔ)（表示時(shí)間、原因、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、行為方式、伴隨狀況）(1)wang ming sat in his empty restaurant feeling very frustrated.(伴隨狀況)(2)hearing the news, they all danced for joy.(時(shí)間)(=when they heard the news, they all.)(3)heated/when heated, water changes into steam. (時(shí)間或條件)(=when/if heated, it changes.)(4)he wrote to me telling us about the good news.(5)born into a poor farmers family in 1931, dr yuan graduated from southwest agriculture college in 1953. (=dr yuan was born into.in 1931 and he graduated from.)(6)embarrassed, i jump and go into the house for another cup of tea. （伴隨狀況）(7)seen from above, the old town is amazing. (=when/if (it is) seen from above, the old town.)(8)known as good singers and dancers, the bai(白族) have an opera, which combines both music and dance.(=the bai are known as . and they have an opera,which .)(9)their car was caught in a traffic jam, thus causing the delay.(結(jié)果)(10)president xi stood there surrounded by the children.(方式)(11) when talking to the aged, we should show our respect.3. 作表語(yǔ) （現(xiàn)在分詞表示主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)或特征，過(guò)去分詞表示主語(yǔ)所處的狀態(tài)）the news is inspiring.the little boy looks frightened.we felt inspired at his words.4. 作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)we saw the teacher making the experiment.never leave the water running all day again.tom is a lazy boy. i often catch him sleeping in class.the joke set us all laughing.i have my bike stolen. (表遭受) what makes the little girl so frightened? can you make yourself understood in english?練習(xí)：(靈活觀察需要謂語(yǔ)或非謂，再看時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài))1. at the beginning of class, the noise of desks_ could be heard outside the classroom.a. opened and closed b. to be opened and closed c. being opened and closed d. to open and clo