標準日語輔導課程.ppt

專業(yè)英語,English for Special Purpose,Lecturer：Mr. L Hongming,TelEmail: ,1.1 概述,第一篇 專業(yè)英語基礎,第1章 緒 論,1. 課程教學目的 培養(yǎng)學生對專業(yè)語言的理解能力和應用能力；讓學生承擔專業(yè)閱讀必需的基本技能和知識，使學生能夠以英語為工具獲取專業(yè)科技知識及其他與專業(yè)有關(guān)的信息。,2. 專業(yè)英語的起源 最初出現(xiàn)于20世紀50年代。 3. 專業(yè)英語的教學特點 語言教學密切結(jié)合專業(yè)知識，教材大都來源于相關(guān)的專業(yè)文獻。,4. 專業(yè)英語的學習方法 專業(yè)英語閱讀與普通英語的快速閱讀的方法也所不同，專業(yè)英語閱讀要把準理解放在首位，在準確理解的基礎上提高閱讀速度。和其他的英語能力祥，專業(yè)英語閱讀能力，需要通過長期的實踐才能獲得，不可能一蹴而就，多讀多練是提高專業(yè)英語閱讀能力的最有效的方法。,1.2 專業(yè)英語的基本特點,為了了解專業(yè)英語的特點，我們先閱讀下面一段關(guān)于許用應力的課文。,Despite the tests described in Chapters 1l and 12，materials may still fail in service，sometimes with disastrous results (e.g. when the failure occurs in aircraftbridges，ships，etc.). To try to avoid such disastrous occurring，the designer avoids using materials continuously at their maximum allowable stress. This is done by employing a factor of safety. Unfortunately，increasing the strength of a component in the interests of safety not only increases the initial material costs，but also the operating costs. For example，the stronger and heavier the structure members of an aircraft，the fewer passengers it can carry and the more fuel it consumersTherefore a balance has to be maintained between safety，initial cost and operating costsThe designer is constantly striving to improve the former whilst reducing the latter,Allowable working stress is taken as a proportion of the yield or proof stress；that is，the component is only stressed within its elastic range when in serviceFor example, consider the screwed fastening shown in Fig. 1.l. When the nut is tightened normally the bolt is stretched slightly and，providing it is stressed within its elastic range，it will behave like a very powerful spring and will pull the joint faces together very firmly,The stress in the bolt is made up of two elements. Firstly, the stress imparted by the initial tightening of the bolt; secondly，the stress imparted by the load on the fastening in serviceThe sum of these stress must not be allowed to approach，let alone exceed，the yield stress for the material of it will cease to act in an elastic mannerTherefore the designer proportions the fastening (another components) so as that there is a factor of safetyUsually the designer assumes an allowable working stress of only half the yield stress for the material.,If the fastening shown in Fig. 1.1 is overstressed by applying excess torque to the nut (for example，by extending the length of the spanner with a tube)，the bolt will be stressed beyond its elastic rangeOnce the yield stress for the bolt has been exceeded it exhibits plastic properties and takes a permanent set that is，it becomes permanently lengthened，the “spring back” is seriously reduced and the joint faces are no longer held firmly together. Thus for critical assemblies，the designer will seek to control the stress in the fastening and associated components by specifying the torque to be applied to the nut as it is tightened by the use of a “torque spanner” set to a specific value.,在文章結(jié)構(gòu)方面，邏輯嚴謹，層次分明，復雜長句多； 在用詞方面，必然要用到專業(yè)術(shù)語和專業(yè)單詞，以及詞性變換多； 在語法方面，非謂語動詞多，較多地使用被動語態(tài)； 另一個重要特點是采用圖表等非語言因素表達思想。,可以得出專業(yè)英語的特點：,復雜長句多,語法分析 符合漢語習慣 以短代長、化難為易,Factories will not buy machines unless they believe that the machine will produce goods that they are able to sell to consumers at a price that will cover all cost.,There is an increasing belief in the idea that the “problem solving attitude” of the engineer must be buttressed(維持，支持，支撐) not only by technical knowledge and “scientific analysis” but that the engineer must also be aware of economics and psychology and, perhaps even more important, that he must understand the world around him.,詞性轉(zhuǎn)換多,英語單詞有不少是多性詞，如： Above 介詞：above all (things) 形容詞：for the above reason 副詞：as(has been ) indicated above,副詞：travel light light come, light go,Light 名詞：in the light of 由于，根據(jù) high light(s) 強光，精華 safety light 安全指示燈 形容詞：light industry light room light blue,非謂語動詞多,動名詞 分詞：現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞 不定式 例句： To be a true professional requires lifelong learning 要成為一個名副其實的內(nèi)行，需要 學到老。,Heating water does not change its chemical composition. 把水加熱并不會改變水的化學成分。 Matter is anything having weight and occupying space. 任何具有重量并占有空間的東西都是物質(zhì)。,被動語態(tài)多,科技英語1/3以上用被動句，但譯成漢