英語國家文化研究Chapter11課件.ppt

英語國家概況,The United States of America,Chapter 11,Economy,The United States of America,Think about these questions before we start: What industrial developments took place during the colonial period of America? How did the Civil War affect the American economy? Why does America try to reduce trade barriers?,Warming-up Activities,Contents,USan industrial, economic and technological giant ranking first in computer technology, space technology, nuclear energy, and electronics, etc.; produces a major portion of the worlds machinery, automobiles, oil, electrical energy, and chemicals. Mixed economy emphasizing private ownership federal governmentregulating businesses anti-trust laws, General Introduction,Private businesses produce most goods and services. Two thirds of the output goes to individuals; One third is bought by government and business. “Consumer economy”, General Introduction, History of American Economy,1,2,3,1. The Colonial Period,Massachusettssettled by Pilgrims to escape religious persecution Other colonieslike Virginia and Pennsylvania, founded as business ventures contribution to Englands colonizing process of the would-be United States charter companies King provided a charter or grant conferring economic rights as well as political and judicial authority,1. The Colonial Period,Mayflower, the ship that carried the Pilgrims from England to Plymouth, Massachusetts, where they established the first permanent New England colony in 1620.,1. The Colonial Period,English investors turned over colonial charters to the settlers.,enormous political implications Colonists were left to build their own lives, communities, and economy. They construct their new nation,1. The Colonial Period,appearance of sawmills (鋸木場) and gristmills (磨房) shipyardsbuilding fishing fleets and trading vessels small iron forges (冶煉廠),Secondary industries (二級產(chǎn)業(yè)),Gristmill,Iron forge,1. The Colonial Period,Clear regional patterns of development by the 18th century: New Englandship-building and sailing; Maryland, Virginia, and Carolinastobacco, rice and indigo (靛藍(lán)屬植物); New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Delawareshipped crops and furs; The field was open for entrepreneurs (企業(yè)家、創(chuàng)業(yè)者) among the colonists to establish themselves.,1. The Colonial Period,Disputes over taxation and other matters with Britain: Americansmodification (減輕) of taxes and regulations; demand for more self-government Mounting quarrelleading to war against the British and to independence for the colonies American Revolution: bolstered (支持、支撐) by an emerging middle class rallying cry“inalienable rights to life, liberty, and property”,1. The Colonial Period,2. Since American Independence,U.S. Constitution established the nation as a unified market. no tariffs or taxes on inter-state commerce; Federal government could regulate commerce with foreign nations and among the states, establish uniform bankruptcy laws, create money and regulate its value, fix standards of weights and measures, establish post offices and roads, and fix rules governing patents (專利權(quán)、專利品) and copyrights. “intellectual property”,Alexander Hamiltons economic development strategy,2. Since American Independence,nurture infant industries by providing subsidies (公開的補(bǔ)貼) impose protective tariffs (保護(hù)性關(guān)稅) on imports create a national bank assume public debts,Alexander Hamilton was the first United States Secretary of the Treasury, a Founding Father, economist, and political philosopher.,The new government did make tariffs an essential part of American foreign policy. President Jackson opposed to Hamiltons national bank. When elected for a second term, Jackson opposed renewing the banks charter. Businesses panicked in both 1834 and 1837.,2. Since American Independence,The Industrial Revolution By 1860, one third of the nations income came from manufacturing; Cotton cloth production was the leading industry; Urbanized industrylimited to the Northeast; Immigrant workers Between 1845 and 1855, some 300,000 European immigrants arrived annually.,2. Since American Independence,Urban Industrialization,Textile Plant,2. Since American Independence,The Southrural and dependent on the North for capital and manufactured goods Economic policy under President Lincoln:,2. Since American Independence,In 1861, adoption of a protective tariff In 1862, the first Pacific railroad was chartered. In 1863 and 1864, a national bank code (銀行代碼) was drafted.,Northern victory in the Civil Warensured the destiny of the nation and its economic system slavery system was abolished, making southern cotton plantations less profitable; Northern industry surged ahead: Industrialists domination in social and political affairs Disappearance of the southern planter aristocracy (貴族) “Second industrial revolution”,2. Since American Independence,“Second industrial revolution” an explosion of new discoveries and inventions: The discovery of oil; The development of the typewriter; The invention of telephone, phonograph (速記法), and electric light; Refrigerated railroad cars came into use; Cars were replacing carriages and people were flying in airplanes by the dawn of the 20th century.,2. Since American Independence,3. The 20th Century,Experienced a period of prosperity in the early 20th century Suffered Great Depression in the 1930s Wall Street Crash in October 1929,3. The 20th Century,President Roosevelts New Deal (新政)intervention of the government,ensure that economic opportunities are fair and accessible to the people; prevent flagrant (公然的) abuses of the system; Dampen (抑制) the effects of inflation; stimulate growth.,His New Deal was popular with the electorate (選民) and led to a successful reelection in 1936.,Reagan Administrations new economic(貨幣主義者) policies in the early 1980s control over government spending deficits cutting taxes to enhance economic development raise interest rates George H. W. Bushslow economic recession Clintoneconomic recovery Appearance of new tycoons (企業(yè)界或政界巨頭)Bill Gates,3. The 20th Century,II Current American Economy,1. Agriculture,Conditions for developing agriculture: vast land Ideal weather, soil rainfall, rivers and underground water allowing for irrigation where necessary,Average American farm462 acres (187 hectares),Success of agriculture large capital investments highly trained labor new methods for raising crops,1. Agriculture,Modern farming disease and drought resistant seeds fertilizers and pesticides space technology,1. Agriculture,Lets take a look at American farm scenery,“Agribusiness” a variety of farm businesses and structures from small, one-family operations to huge conglomerates（聯(lián)合企業(yè):由許多不同行業(yè)的公司組成的有不同經(jīng)營范圍的大企業(yè)）or multinational firms American farms low-cost output One-third of crops for exportEurope, Asia, Africa and Latin America Agricultural imports lag far behind, leaving a surplus in the agricultural balance of trade,1. Agriculture,Farmerssome work on the farms part-time 45 percent with other occupations 240, 000 tenant farmersrent land for cash or pay the owner a share of the crops they grow migrant workershired only for a specific job Agriculture remains the foundation upon which American well-being and prosperity are based.,1. Agriculture,2. Manufacturing Industry,Large manufacturing industries employing more than 24 million workers Highly developed military industry Auto companiesFord, General Motors and Chrysler Boeing Aircraft Companycommercial airliners Other industries: food, clothing, etc.,America has an industrial system with great productivity.,2. Manufacturing Industry,Division of Manufacturing Activities,The East -North Central the leading region over 25% of manufacturing capacity motor vehicles and other transportation equipments, non-electrical machinery, and fabricated metals The Middle Atlantic region almost 20% of the total value added chemicals and machinery, both electrical and non-electrical The Pacific coast region dominated by manufacturing in California about 15% of the total value added Transportation equipment, food products, and electrical and electronic equipments,The South Atlantic region the fourth leading region over 10% of the total US manufacturing output textiles, chemicals, tobacco products, and apparel The West -South Central and the East -South Central regions about 15% of the total national output chemicals, food products, electrical and electronic equipment, and non-electrical machinery,Division of Manufacturing Activities,The West -North Central, New England and the Mountain states regionremaining 15% of the national output New Englandelectrical and non-electrical machinery, and fabricated metals The West- North Central statesmachinery and food products The Mountain statesfood products, primary metals and non-electrical machinery,Division of Manufacturing Activities,3. Service Industry,Tremendous growth in employment in the service sector since the 1970s three categories: services for the affluentcommercial banking, life insurance, real estate and law services welfare serviceshealth care, education, government and social services services provided by the poorservices to buildings and dwellings, retail services,3. Service Industry,Advanced service industry,4. High-tech Industry,High-tech industries, ranking first in the world Space technology, electronics, chemicals and computing Successful use of the space shuttle Leading computer companies Engineering and information technology,4. High-tech Industry,美國計算機(jī)協(xié)會（Association of Computing Machinery，簡稱ACM）是一個國際性的科技教育組織，是世界上第一個科學(xué)性及教育性計算機(jī)學(xué)會。ACM致力于提高信息技術(shù)在科學(xué)、藝術(shù)等各行各業(yè)的應(yīng)用水平。,5. Foreign Trade,US foreign trade plays a significant role in the economy Trade pattern: from domestic-oriented to internationally-oriented Reducing trade barriers (貿(mào)易壁壘) and coordinating the world economic system Promoting bilateral (雙邊的) and regional trade to enhance domestic stability and loyalty of allies,Exportsabout 10% of t